Yoshkar-Ola

Yoshkar-Ola is the capital city of Mari El, Russia. It was formerly known as Tsarevokokshaysk from 1584 to 1919, and as Krasnokokshaysk from 1919 to 1927. Population:
Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari-inhabited regions of the Volga and its tributaries. It is one of the centers of the Mari people and the administrative center of the Yoshkar-Ola city district.

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Etymology

Yoshkar-Ola means 'red town' in Mari, from yoshkar and ola. It received its current name in 1927. From 1584 to 1919, it was known as Tsarevokokshaysk in reference to the tsar and therefore could be literally translated as 'tsar's town on the Kokshaga'. From 1919 to 1927, it was known as Krasnokokshaysk in reference to communism and therefore could be literally translated as 'red town on the
Kokshaga'. It is also known as Charla by the Mari people.

History

Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari region.
During the Soviet era, especially after World War II, the city was a regional industrial and transport center and grew to its current size.
The collapse of the Soviet Union removed support for state enterprises, and led to the shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported by shuttle traders who would transport goods from the bustling markets of Moscow to Yoshkar-Ola's bazaars. The sharp decline in living standards led to the emigration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia.

Geography

The Malaya Kokshaga River runs through the city.

Time zone

Yoshkar-Ola is located in the MSK time zone. The offset of the applicable time relative to UTC is +3:00 In accordance with the applicable time and longitude, the average solar noon in Yoshkar-Ola occurs at 11:48.

Administrative and municipal status

[Image:Город Йошкар-Ола Марий Эл 5.jpg|thumb|left|Yoshkar Ola at night]
Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the Mari El Republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated as the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola is incorporated as Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug.

Transport

Yoshkar-Ola is linked to other cities and regions in Russia by a series of train and bus routes. The local train station is currently served by a daily train to and from the capital Moscow with other short-service trains running to and from Kazan. Moscow and various other nearby towns and regions can also be reached by buses departing from the local bus station. The Yoshkar-Ola Airport is also located 9 km north of the city and handles small aircraft Moscow-bound flights since April 2012.
Destinations within the city limits can be reached through a network of buses, trolleys, and route taxis, or marshrutkas.

Economy

The 4th Kiev-Zhitomir Rocket Division of the 27th Guards Missile Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces is located nearby.
In the Yoshkar-Ola area there are two Arsenals of the Russian Armed Forces, the 116th, and the other the 11th Navy Arsenal. Of these, the 116th arsenal became part of OAO Oboronservis / Remvooruzhenie.
Yoshkar-Ola has a prison colony, which came to international attention in September 2022 as the location of a Wagner Group video in which Yevgeny Prigozhin promised convicts they would be released from prison if they served a six-month combat tour in the war against Ukraine.

Climate

The climate of Yoshkar-Ola is very similar to that of Nizhny Novgorod or Kirov. The city is situated in a warm-summer humid continental climate. The winters are long and cold with much snow and average January temperatures between, and a record low of. On the other hand, the city enjoys very warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry or rainy conditions with July as the hottest month, when the average high is, and temperatures may stay around for weeks.

Demographics

According to the 2021 Census, Yoshkar-Ola has a population of 281,248 people, making it the 71st largest city in Russia. The urban area of the city is 291,892 people.
Following the 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of Yoshkar-Ola is:

Ethnicity	Population	Percentage
Russians	152,447	61.28%
Mari	58,001	23.31%
Tatars	10,202	4.10%
Ukrainians	2,075	0.83%
Other	5,438	2.2%

Education

Yoshkar-Ola is home to 88 educational institutions, among them several institutions of higher education, including:
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Volga State University of Technology

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There are also 30 schools for primary students aged between 7 and 18 and 52 kindergartens.
Additionally, Yoshkar-Ola has many private educational centers offering different qualifications and trainings in such disciplines as foreign languages, computer science and many others.

Twin towns – sister cities

Yoshkar-Ola is twinned with: