Scientific research on the International Space Station


The International Space Station is a platform for scientific research that requires one or more of the unusual conditions present in low Earth orbit. The primary fields of research include human research, space medicine, life sciences, physical sciences, astronomy and meteorology. The 2005 NASA Authorization Act designated the American segment of the International Space Station as a national laboratory with the goal of increasing the use of the ISS by other federal agencies and the private sector.
Research on the ISS improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body. Subjects currently under study include muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift. The data will be used to determine whether space colonization and lengthy human spaceflight are feasible. As of 2006, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise. Large scale medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS via the National Space Biomedical Research Institute. Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space. Usually, there is no physician on board the ISS, and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge. It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult.
Researchers are investigating the effect of the station's near-weightless environment on the evolution, development, growth and internal processes of plants and animals. In response to some of this data, NASA wants to investigate microgravity's effects on the growth of three-dimensional, human-like tissues, and the unusual protein crystals that can be formed in space.
The investigation of the physics of fluids in microgravity will allow researchers to model the behaviour of fluids better. Because fluids can be almost completely combined in microgravity, physicists investigate fluids that do not mix well on Earth. In addition, an examination of reactions that are slowed by low gravity and temperatures will give scientists a deeper understanding of superconductivity.
The study of materials science is an important ISS research activity, with the objective of reaping economic benefits through the improvement of techniques used on the ground. Other areas of interest include the effect of the low gravity environment on combustion, through the study of the efficiency of burning and control of emissions and pollutants. These findings may improve our knowledge about energy production, and lead to economic and environmental benefits.
Remote sensing of the Earth, astronomy, and deep space research on the ISS have significantly increased during the 2010s after the completion of the US Orbital Segment in 2011. Throughout the more than 20 years of the ISS program researchers aboard the ISS and on the ground have examined aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and oxides in Earth's atmosphere, as well as the Sun, cosmic rays, cosmic dust, antimatter, and dark matter in the universe. Examples of Earth-viewing remote sensing experiments that have flown on the ISS are the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3, ISS-RapidScat, HICO, ECOSTRESS, the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation, and the Cloud Aerosol Transport System. ISS-based astronomy telescopes and experiments include SOLAR, the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer, the Calorimetric Electron Telescope, the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI), and the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer.
Since 2018, an example of automated manufacturing on the ISS is the testing across nine launches of a system to manufacture artificial retinas benefitted by the weightless environment. Progress has resulted in a goal of beginning human trials of the material as early as 2027.

ISS science facilities

The ISS includes a number of modules devoted to scientific activity as well as other hardware designed for the same purpose.
Laboratory modules:ColumbusDestinyKibo or the Japanese Experiment ModulePoisk or Mini-Research Module 2Rassvet or Mini-Research Module 1Nauka or Multipurpose Laboratory Module
Scientific hardware not attached to any laboratory module:

''Columbus''

Internal scientific hardware:
External scientific hardware:

''Destiny''

Planned for launch:

''Kibo''

Internal scientific hardware:
External scientific hardware:

''Poisk''

ISS small hardware

ISS sub-rack

ISS stowage

ISS mid-deck locker

ISS mid-deck locker insert

JAXA's ISS research and science activity

Experiments

Applied research fields

Human space technology development fields

Educational and cultural utilization fields

Commercial utilization fields

Fee-based utilization of Kibo is available to unrestricted research groups for commercial use. Costs involved in the operation will be paid by each user. The results obtained through the utilization will belong to the user.

Exposed facility experiments

NASA's ISS research and science activity

Human research

Effect of prolonged space flight on human skeletal muscle

Cardiovascular and pulmonary systems

Crew healthcare systems

Human behaviour and performance

Immune system

Integrated physiology

Neurological and vestibular systems

Radiation

Other experiments

Biology and biotechnology

Animal biology

Host Immunity in Space (FIT)

Cellular biology and biotechnology

Antibiotic Production in Space (CGBA-APS)
Synaptogenesis in Microgravity (CGBA-SM)
(MEPS)

Microbiology

In August 2020, scientists reported that bacteria from Earth, particularly Deinococcus radiodurans bacteria, which is highly resistant to environmental hazards, were found to survive for three years in outer space, based on studies conducted on the International Space Station. These findings support the notion of panspermia, the hypothesis that life exists throughout the Universe, distributed in various ways, including space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids or contaminated spacecraft.

Plant biology

Protein crystallization

Other experiments

Physical and materials sciences

Combustion science

Fluid physics

Materials science

Quantum Physics

Other experiments

Technology development

Characterizing the microgravity environment on ISS

Environmental monitoring of ISS

Picosatellites and control technologies

Spacecraft materials

Spacecraft systems

Spacecraft and orbital environments

Other experiments

Earth and space science

Earth science

Space science

Other monitors and observatories from the field

ISS operations results

Crew-initiated science

Educational activities

Environmental monitoring of ISS

Medical monitoring of ISS crew members

Spacecraft systems

Spacecraft and orbital environments

Station development test objective

Supplementary Medical Objective

ESA and CSA reported ISS research and science activity

Much like NASA and JAXA, ESA and CSA also conducted numerous experiments on the International Space Station.

Energia RSC reported ISS research and science activity

Human life research

Geophysical research

Earth resources sensing

Space biotechnology

Technical research

Contract activities

Study of cosmic rays

Educational and humanitarian projects

Space technology and material science

Other

In May 2011, mission STS-134 carried 13 Lego kits to the ISS, where astronauts built models and saw how they reacted in microgravity, as part of the Lego Bricks in Space program. The results were shared with schools as part of an educational project.