Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)


Haplogroup J-M304, also known as J, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is believed to have evolved in the Caucasus or Iran. The clade spread from there during the Neolithic, primarily into North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Socotra Archipelago, Europe, Anatolia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Haplogroup J-M304 is divided into two main subclades, J-M267 and J-M172.

Origins

Haplogroup J-M304 is believed to have split from haplogroup I-M170 roughly 43,000 years ago in Western Asia, as both lineages are haplogroup IJ subclades. Haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K derive from haplogroup IJK, and only at this level of classification does haplogroup IJK join with Haplogroup G-M201 and Haplogroup H as immediate descendants of Haplogroup F-M89. J-M304 is defined by the M304 genetic marker, or the equivalent 12f2.1 marker. The main current subgroups J-M267 and J-M172, which now comprise between them almost all of the haplogroup's descendant lineages, are both believed to have arisen very early, at least 10,000 years ago. Nonetheless, Y-chromosomes F-M89* and IJ-M429* were reported to have been observed in the Iranian plateau.
On the other hand, it would seem to be that different episodes of populace movement had impacted southeast Europe, as well as the role of the Balkans as a long-standing corridor to Europe from the Near East is shown by the phylogenetic unification of Hgs I and J by the basal M429 mutation. This proof of common ancestry suggests that ancestral Hgs IJ-M429* probably would have entered Europe through the Balkan track sometime before the LGM. They then subsequently split into Hg J and Hg I in Middle East and Europe in a typical disjunctive phylogeographic pattern. Such a geographic hall is prone to have encountered extra consequent gene streams, including the horticultural settlers. Moreover, the unification of haplogroups IJK creates evolutionary distance from F–H delegates, as well as supporting the inference that both IJ-M429 and KT-M9 arose closer to the Middle East than Central or East Asia.
Haplogroup J has also been found among two ancient Hyksos-related mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from a period between the late New Kingdom and the Roman era.

Distribution

Haplogroup J-M267 is found in its greatest concentration in the Caucasus where it is believed to have formed. Outside of this region, haplogroup J-M304 has a significant presence in other parts of the Middle East as well as in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Arabian peninsula. It also has a moderate occurrence in Southern Europe, especially in central and southern Italy, Malta, Greece and Albania. The J-M410 subclade is mostly distributed in Asia Minor, Greece and southern Italy. Additionally, J-M304 is observed in Central Asia and South Asia, particularly in the form of its subclade J-M172. J-12f2 and J-P19 are also found among the Herero.
Country/RegionSamplingNJ-M267J-M172Total JStudy
AlgeriaOran10222.54.927.4
AlbaniaTirana3020.0
Albania5523.64
BosniaSerbs819.9
North CaucasusChechen33020.956.777.6
North CaucasusIngush1432.888.891.6
ChinaUygur50034.034.0
ChinaUzbek23030.434.7
ChinaTajik31016.116.1
ChinaHan Chinese301010
Cyprus1649.612.922.5
Egypt12419.87.627.4
GreeceCrete/Heraklion1041.944.246.1
GreeceCrete1433.53538.5
Greece1541.918.120
IndiaSunni and North Indian Shia1123243.275.2
Iran923.22528.2
IraqArab and Assyrian11733.125.158.2
IsraelAkko 10139.218.657.8
Italy69922022
ItalyCentral Marche595.135.640.7
ItalyWest Calabria573.535.138.6
ItalySicily2125.222.627.8
ItalySardinia814.99.914.8
Jordan27335.514.650.1
KosovoAlbanians11416.67
Kuwait4233.39.542.8
Lebanon9511729.446.4
Malta907.821.128.9
Morocco31610.21.2
MoroccoResidents in Italy5119.6019.6
PortugalPortugal3034.36.911.2
QatarQatar7258.38.366.6
Saudi Arabia15740.1315.9257.96
SerbiaBelgrade1138
Serbia1795.6
SpainCadiz283.614.317.9
SpainCantabria702.92.95.8
SpainCastille2109.59.5
SpainCordoba27014.714.7
SpainGalicia195.305.3
SpainHuelva22013.713.7
SpainIbiza5403.73.7
SpainLeon601.756.7
SpainMalaga26015.415.4
SpainMallorca621.689.7
SpainSevilla1553.27.811
SpainValencia312.75.58.2
SyriaArab and Assyrian55433.620.854.4
Tunisia62088
Tunisia5234.63.838.4
TunisiaSousse22025.98.234.1
TunisiaTunis14832.43.435.8
Turkey5239.124.233.3
UAE16434.710.345
Yemen6272.59.682.1

Subclade distribution

J-M304*

Paragroup J-M304* includes all of J-M304 except for J-M267, J-M172 and their subclades. J-M304* is rarely found outside of the island of Socotra, belonging to Yemen, where it is extremely frequent at 71.4% and j1-267 for the rest with no j2 Haplogroup J-M304* also has been found with lower frequency in Oman, Ashkenazi Jews, Saudi Arabia, Greece, the Czech Republic, Uygurs and several Turkic peoples..
YFull and FTDNA have however failed to find J* people anywhere in the world although there are 2 J2-Y130506 persons and 1 J1 person from Soqotra. But Cerny 2009 study found 9 J1 persons in Soqotra/Socotra and majority of J* and no J2, hypothesizing a J1 founder effect in Socotra.
The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for J-M267 and J-M172, showing its distribution in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia.

J-M267

The marker J-M267 defined by the M267 SNP is in modern times most frequent in the Arabian Peninsula: Yemen, Saudi, Qatar, and Dagestan. J-M267 is generally frequent among Arab Bedouins, Ashkenazi Jews, Algeria, Iraq, Tunisia, Syria, Egypt, and the Sinai Peninsula. To some extent, the frequency of Haplogroup J-M267 collapses at the borders of Arabic/Semitic-speaking territories with mainly non-Arabic/Semitic speaking territories, such as Turkey, Iran, Sunni Indian Muslims and Northern Indian Shia . Some figures above tend to be the larger ones obtained in some studies, while the smaller figures obtained in other studies are omitted. It is also highly frequent among Jews, especially the Kohanim line .
ISOGG states that J-M267 originated in the Middle East. It is found in parts of the Near East, Anatolia and North Africa, with a much sparser distribution in the southern Mediterranean flank of Europe, and in Ethiopia.
The origin of the J-P58 subclade is the Caucasus and then spreads southward into the Arabian Peninsula. The high Y-STR variance of J-P58 in ethnic groups in Turkey, as well as northern regions in Syria and Iraq, supports the inference of an origin of J-P58 in nearby eastern Anatolia. Moreover, the network analysis of J-P58 haplotypes shows that some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and the United Arab Emirates, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes. This suggests that founder effects with star burst expansion into the Arabian Desert.

J-M172

The marker J-M172 is found in the highest concentrations in the Caucasus and the Fertile Crescent/Iraq and is found throughout the Mediterranean .
The highest ever reported concentration of J-M172 was 72% in Northeastern Georgia. Other high reports include Ingush 32%, Cypriots 30-37%, Lebanese 30%, Assyrian, Mandean and Arab Iraqis 29.7%, Syrians 22.5%, Kurds 24%-28%, Pashtuns 20-30%,Iranians 23%, Ashkenazi Jews 24%, Palestinian Arabs 16.8%-25%, Sephardic Jews 29% and North Indian Shia Muslim 18%, Chechens 26%, Balkars 24%, Yaghnobis 32%, Armenians 21-24%, and Azerbaijanis 24%-48%.
In South Asia, J2-M172 was found to be significantly higher among Dravidian castes at 19% than among Indo-European castes at 11%. J2-M172 and J-M410 is found 21% among Dravidian middle castes, followed by upper castes, 18.6%, and lower castes 14%. Subclades of M172 such as M67 and M92 were not found in either Indian or Pakistani samples which also might hint at a partial common origin.
According to a genetic study in China by Shou et al., J2-M172 is found with high frequency among Uygurs and Uzbeks, moderate frequency among Pamiris, and also found J-M172 in Han Chinese and low frequency among Yugurs and Monguors. The authors also found J-M304 with low frequency among the Russians, Uzbeks, Sibe people, Dongxiangs, and Kazakhs in Northwest China. Only far northwestern ethnic minorities had haplogroup J in Xinjiang, China. Uzbeks in the sample had 30.4% J2-M172 and Tajiks of Xinjiang and Uyghurs also had it.

Phylogenetics

In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms or unique event polymorphisms.

Phylogenetic history

Before 2002, the academic literature featured at least seven different naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree, resulting in significant confusion. To address this, the major research groups united in 2002 to establish the Y-Chromosome Consortium. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of amateur scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create the phylogenetic tree below. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 ''''''YCC 2002 YCC 2005 YCC 2008 YCC 2010r ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
J-12f2a9VIMed23Eu10H4BJ*JJJ------J
J-M629VIMed23Eu10H4BJ1J1aJ1aJ1a------Private
J-M1729VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2*J2J2J2------J2
J-M479VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2aJ2aJ2a1J2a4a------J2a1a
J-M689VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2bJ2bJ2a3J2a4c------J2a1c
J-M1379VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2cJ2cJ2a4J2a4h2a1------J2a1h2a1a
J-M1589VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2dJ2dJ2a5J2a4h1------J2a1h1
J-M129VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2e*J2eJ2bJ2b------J2b
J-M1029VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2e1*J2e1J2bJ2b------J2b
J-M999VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2e1aJ2e1aJ2b2aJ2b2a------Private
J-M679VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2f*J2fJ2a2J2a4b------J2a1b
J-M929VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2f1J2f1J2a2aJ2a4b1------J2a1b1
J-M1639VIMed24Eu9H4BJ2f2J2f2J2a2bJ2a4b2------Private

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M304. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.

The Genomic Research Center draft tree

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree for haplogroup J-P209. For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.
  • J-M304 12f2a, 12f2.1, M304, P209, L60, L134
  • *M267, L255, L321, L765, L814, L827, L1030
  • **M62
  • **M365.1
  • **L136, L572, L620
  • ***M390
  • ***P56
  • ***P58, L815, L828
  • ***L256
  • **Z1828, Z1829, Z1832, Z1833, Z1834, Z1836, Z1839, Z1840, Z1841, Z1843, Z1844
  • ***Z1842
  • ***L972
  • *M172, L228
  • **M410, L152, L212, L505, L532, L559
  • ***M289
  • ***L26, L27, L927
  • ***L581
  • **M12, M102, M221, M314, L282
  • ***M205
  • ***M241

The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium. The last major update was in 2008. Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is of the 2019/2020 update.

Prominent members of J

Works cited

Journals
Thesis and Dissertations
Blogs
Mailing Lists
Websites
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Phylogenetic tree and Distribution Maps of Y-DNA haplogroup J

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Others

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