Haplogroup IJ
Haplogroup IJ is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, an immediate descendant of Haplogroup IJK. IJK is a branch of Haplogroup HIJK.
The immediate descendants of IJ are [Haplogroup Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|I (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I] and [Haplogroup Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]. Its sole sibling is K.
Haplogroup IJ derived populations account for a significant proportion of the pre-modern populations of Europe, Anatolia, the Caucasus, the Middle East and coastal North Africa. As a result of mass migrations during the modern era, they are now also significant in The Americas and Australasia.
Haplogroup I appears to have arisen in Europe, so far being found in Palaeolithic sites throughout Europe, but not outside it. It diverged from common ancestor IJ* about 43,000 years B.P.. Early evidence for haplogroup J has been found in the Caucasus and Iran. In addition, living examples of the precursor Haplogroup IJ* have been found only in ethnicities living in modern day Iran. This may indicate that IJ originated in West Asia.
Origin
A 2008 estimate suggested that the most recent common ancestor of haplogroup IJ could have lived 30,500–46,200 years ago, while another estimate suggests 43,000–45,700 years.Both of the primary branches of haplogroup IJ – I-M170 and J-M304 – are found among modern populations of the Caucasus, Anatolia, and Southwest Asia. This tends to suggest that Haplogroup IJ branched from IJK in West Asia, Caucasus and/or the Middle East.
Examples of the basal/paragroup Haplogroup IJ* were first reported in a 2012 study of genetic diversity in Iran, by Grugni et al. These individuals were reported to be positive for M429 and negative for the SNPs M170 and M304, which define haplogroup I and haplogroup J respectively. However, because the researchers filtered for relatively few SNPs, these individuals may have carried less well-known SNPs equivalent to M170 and M304. Given the limited scope of the testing – and the small number of haplogroup IJ samples that were discovered – few firm conclusions have yet been drawn.
An inference may also be made that both IJ and its sole sibling, Haplogroup K diverged from the parent Haplogroup IJK closer to the Caucasus and the Middle East than to East Asia, due to the evolutionary distance of IJK from its direct ancestor, haplogroup HIJK.
IJ split in a typically disjunctive, almost mutually-exclusive geographical pattern, with J-M304 far more common in the Caucasus, and I-M170 far more common in Europe; the age of IJ and its subclades suggest that IJ probably entered Europe through the Balkans, some time before the last glacial maximum. The same geographic corridor also supported later gene flows, including the Early Neolithic Farmers from Anatolia about 9,000 years BP.
Phylogeny and distribution
IJ- IJ* – found at low frequency in parts of Iran.
- *I
- **I*
- **[Haplogroup Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)|I1 (Y-DNA)|I1] Typical of populations of Scandinavia and Northwest Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eastern Europe
- *** I1*
- *** I-CTS12768
- **** I-CTS12768* – living example in Sweden.
- *** I-Z17954
- **** I-Z17954*
- **** I-Y21293 – living example in Netherlands.
- **** I-Y19092 – living examples in Normandy and Finland.
- *** I1a – DF29/S438
- *****I1a* - living examples in Sweden, Denmark and Portugal.
- *****I1a1 M227
- ******I1a1* -
- ******I1a1a M72
- *****I1a2 L22/S142
- ******I1a2* -
- ******I1a2a P109
- ******I1a2b L205
- ******I1a2c L287
- *******I1a2c* -
- *******I1a2c1 L258/S335
- ********I1a2c1* -
- ********I1a2c1a L296
- ******I1a2d L300/S241
- ******I1a2e L813/Z719
- *****I1a3 S244/Z58
- ******I1a3* -
- ******I1a3a S246/Z59
- *******I1a3a* -
- *******I1a3a1 S337/Z60, S439/Z61, Z62
- ********I1a3a1a Z140, Z141
- ********I1a3a1a* -
- ********I1a3a1a1 L338
- ********I1a3a1b Z73
- ********I1a3a1c L573
- *******I1a3a1d L803
- *******I1a3a2 Z382
- ******I1a3b S296/Z138, Z139
- *****I1a4 S243/Z63
- ****I1b Z131
- **I2
- ***I2*
- ****I2a Typical of the South Slavic peoples of the Balkans, especially the populations of Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia ; also found with high haplotype diversity values, but lower overall frequency, among the West Slavic populations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic; a node of elevated frequency in Moldavia correlates with that observed for Haplogroup I2a
- *****I2a*
- *****I2a1
- ******I2a1*
- ******I2a1a
- *****I2a2 Typical of the population of the so-called "archaic zone" of Sardinia; also found at low frequencies among populations of Southwest Europe, particularly in Castile, Béarn, and the Basque Country
- ******I2a2*
- ******I2a2a
- ****I2b
- *****I2b*
- *****I2b1 Occurs at a moderate frequency among populations of Northwest Europe, with a peak frequency in the region of Lower Saxony in central Germany; minor offshoots appear in Moldavia and Russia, and among speakers of Persian
- ******I2b1*
- ******I2b1a Generally limited to a low frequency in Great Britain
- ******I2b1b
- ******I2b1c
- ******I2b1d
- *J
- **J*
- **J1 Typical of populations of the Middle East, Dagestan and Semitic-speaking populations of North Africa and East Africa
- ***J1*
- ****J1a
- ****J1b
- ****J1c
- ****J1d
- ****J1e
- ****J2 Typical of populations of Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Southern Europe, and the Caucasus, with a moderate distribution throughout Southwest Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa
- ***J2*
- ****J2a
- *****J2a*
- ******J2a1
- ******J2a2
- ****J2b
- *****J2b* At least one living example found in Uzbekistan.
- *****J2b1
- ******J2b1* Found in ancient remains in Lebanon.
- *******J2b1a Living examples found in Greece and Italy.