Haisyn
Haisyn or Haysyn is a city in central Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Haisyn Raion within Vinnytsia Oblast. It is located on the in the eastern part of the historical region of Podolia. Its population is
Name
It is believed by many scholars that the origin of the name "Haisyn" is Turkic in origin, as the land was previously inhabited by the Black Klobuks during the 11th and 12 centuries. Haisyn is derived from a Turkic word meaning "camp on a hill".In addition to the Ukrainian Гайсин, in other languages the name of the city is and.
History
Polish rule
Hajsyn was first mentioned in 1545. In 1566, following the Union of Lublin, it became part of the Bracław Voivodeship of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Under the rule of Stephen Báthory, the land was given to Tromchinsky family of feudal lords.In 1600, the settlement was granted to nobleman Swirski. In 1605, it passed from nobleman Oriszewski to Jadwiga Różynska of the through right of her 4th husband, although her rights to the land would be disputed with neighboring families until 1616 when the land was finally transferred to the Odrzywolski family for "lifetime possession".
On 16 November 1621, King of Poland Sigismund III gave the land of Haisyn to the nobleman Jan Dzierzka for his military services. 8 years later, the census of 1629 showed the village to have a population of 822 people.
Haisyn suffered many damages during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, which was accompanied by looting of property and mass murder of the Jewish population in the area.
In 1659, King of Poland John II Casimir Vasa granted Gaisin to the Zaporizhian Maxim Bulyga. This was most likely done in an attempt to appease the Cossack population in order to maintain security in the region in the event that Turkish or Russian forces invaded the area. However, in 1660, the land was granted to Stanislaw Jakubowski.
In 1699, according to the Treaty of Karlowitz, the Ottoman Empire recognized Haisyn as part of Poland. Polish feudal lords began managing the land once more, between which there were constant internecine disputes. The Ogiński and Sapieha families fought over the city. Caught in the crossfires of the dispute, Haisyn was plundered in 1701 and nearly destroyed.
Much of the 18th century was a turbulent time for Jews and Poles in the town. During 1734 and 1750, Haydamak uprisings devastated the ethnically Polish and Jewish populations in the Bratslav Voivodeship, with both being massacred by Ukrainian rebels. The exact number of victims slaughtered is not known, but almost all sources record that there was a near-total destruction of the communities during the conflict.
In 1744, King Augustus III granted Haisyn Magdeburg rights, making it a royal city of the Poland.
In 1768, another Haydamak uprising occurred, and the citizens of the town joined the revolt. A mass-murder of Jews and Poles once again ensued. After the suppression of the uprising, the lands of Haisyn were divided among the magnates of Potocki family, among others, Sobanski, and Holoniewski. Haisyn itself with the surrounding villages, was given to Anthony Leduchowski in 1775. In 1783, he received the royal privilege to own the city and surrounding villages for the next 50 years. However, in 1789, Haisyn was given by Leduchowski to Earl Felix Potocki, who owned 10 thousand dessiatinas of settled land and 1,200 dessiatinas of forest in the region.
At the time of the 1790 census, there were only 50 Jews in Haisyn. Following Jewish immigration waves within Eastern Europe, the population rapidly grew. By the year 1800, there were 1,275 Jews in the Haisyn district, with a total population of 1,857.
On 22 May 1792, Haisyn became a town of regional significance.
Under Russian sovereignty
The city was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 during the Second Partition of Poland, and became part of the Bratslav Viceroyalty. It became part of the Podolia Governorate in 1797, with its town status upheld in 1804. The county was divided into 3 districts,, Teplyk, and Ternovka. A stone church, the Church of St. Nicholas, was built in the town.The Haisyn City Council was created in 1793, but its oversight was limited to collection of taxes, and maintenance of city utilities. From 1793 to 1861, it also had a City Magistrate, which performed judicial and tax functions. At the end of the 18th century, the governor of Haisyn was Colonel Petro Chechel, who is famous for the palace that he erected as his residence after purchasing multiple villages in the Starokonstantinovsky district.
Economic issues and growth
In the first half of the 19th century, the town had a mixed population of Jews and Ukrainians. A resolution was issued on 1836, authorizing local police to allocate 2000 rubles from the treasury due to insufficient funds from the government. Lack of funding for the town's necessities had a negative impact on the organization and work of the local government, hindering the development of the rapidly growing town.I commanded to leave the Magistrate in its former position in Gaisin, until the sources for multiplying municipal revenues are found, so that the local provincial administration, upon discovering new ways to sufficiently increase municipal revenues, submit its thoughts on the possibility of establishing a Duma to the Ministry of Internal AffairsThe government took a number of practical steps to develop the province, including the provision of special benefits:
24 December 1841. To improve the welfare of the cities of Podolia province, privileges were granted to merchants, burghers, and people of free means, who moved to these cities from areas that did not belong to the Western provinces.
The local government organization developed many town offices, including:
- The Magistrate
- Orphans' Court
- Legal Court
- City Deputies' Assembly
- Quarter Commission
In 1843, a wealthy merchant by the name of Israel Rozin settled in Haisyn and began a business producing and selling alcohol. His philanthropic activity towards the local population and soldiers made him favorable in eyes of the local government, which bestowed upon him honors equal to a military rank in civilian status. During a cholera epidemic in 1855, Rozin undertook paycuts and provided free services and alcohol to citizens.
By 1855, the ratio of Jews to Christians was 1,246 to 1,305, with 271 Jewish merchants and 45 Christian merchants. There were many artisans among the Jewish population.
In 1858, there were 10,106 inhabitants in Haisyn, the town budget was a little over 5,000 rubles. In 1863 there were 9,630 inhabitants in Haisyn. Over five years the city's population decreased by 476 people.
In 1859, in the village of, the Mohylne sugar factory was founded. Refining sugar from sugar beets became an important industry for the town. In the 1864–1865 season, the Mohylne factory, as well as Krasnosilka factory, produced a total of 24,480 poods of sugar. Another refinery, the Sobolivka Sugar Refinery, was founded in 1868.
Russian economic reforms from 1860 to 1880 significantly accelerated the industrial development in the region. Cloth manufacturing in Haisyn county accounted for more than half of the total manufacturing capacity in the entire Podolia govenrorate. A silk factory was opened in the city, and in 1870, a brick factory was founded. Two tobacco processing plants were founded in 1880 and 1897. A steam mill opened up on the outskirts of the city. Two printing houses were established in the city by Jews. One by Udla Leibovna Shvartsman in 1876, and one in 1893 by Nukhim Volkovich Weinstein.
In May 1886, by the initiative of Archpriest Nikandr Gavrilovich Mikhnevich, the Holy Protection City Cathedral was founded. It was a five-domed brick building on a stone plinth with a bell tower. Inside, there was a three-tiered wooden iconostasis. There was a church cemetery near the cathedral. In the 1930s, the church, like many other religious buildings, was destroyed by Soviet authorities.
Late Russian Empire and WWI
In 1896, there were 9,367 inhabitants in Haisyn, including 5,152 Jews, and 3,840 Orthodox Christians. There was one church, one synagogue, five Jewish prayer houses, and one schismatic chapel. There were nine plants and factory-industrial establishments, including one distillery, one candle factory, one tobacco factory, one copper-iron factory. For education, there was one male college for higher education and one female college with preparatory and handicrafts classes.According to the 1897 census, there were 9,374 inhabitants in Haisyn, including:
- Origin: 7,582 Haisyn natives, 641 natives from other Podolian districts, 1,135 citizens from other Governorates, and 16 foreigners
- Class: 7733 petty bourgeois, 1075 peasants, 356 noblemen, 109 merchant, 43 hereditary and personal noblemen, 33 persons of clerical rank, 17 foreign citizens, 8 belonging to other estates, and 1 non-specified estate
- Native language: Jewish 4,322, Ukrainian 3,946, Russian 884, Polish 167 , Tatar 24, German 13, and 17 who spoke another native language
- Faith: 4,557 Russian Orthodox, 4,321 Jews, 264 Old-believers and those "deviating from Orthodoxy", 181 Roman Catholics, 30 Mohammedans, 15 Lutherans, 4 Armenian Gregorians, and 2 Armenian Catholics
By 1902, Haisyn had a total of 10,765 residents. There was a public school, 23 factories and plants employing 631 workers, with a total annual production value of 656,820 rubles. A library was opened the same year.
Many Jews began to leave Haisyn in 1905 following Pogroms that hit the city particularly hard. Nevertheless, there were nearly 7,000 Jews in Gaisyn in 1917, constituting half the city's population.
The population of Haisyn in 1910 was 13,222. It had 6,208 Russian Orthodox, 359 Catholics, 14 Mohammedans, and 6,629 Jews.
The development of the city was fast on the eve of World War I. There were 36 registered enterprises in the town, including a newly opened meteorological station. Stone buildings became more commonplace, including a hospital, bank, grand hotel, law office, schoolhouse, and pharmacy.
During World War I, the of the Southwestern Front was stationed in the city.