Germany–Spain relations
Germany–Spain relations are the diplomatic relations between Germany and Spain. Both nations are members of the European Union, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, NATO and the United Nations.
History
Antiquity
In ancient times, both Hispania and the western and southern parts of present-day Germany were under Roman rule. After the Migration Period of the late antiquity, German tribes also dominated areas on the Iberian Peninsula, creating the Kingdom of the Suevi and the Visigothic kingdom. From 711, much of Spain came under Muslim Rule. Only Karl Martell, king of the Frankish Empire, which at that time included present French and German territories, was able to stop the Moorish advance from Spain into south-west France with the Battle of Tours. Only in the north of the Iberian peninsula were Christian rulers able to assert themselves. From there, in 722, began the Spanish Reconquista.Alfonso X
Also Alfonso X, King of León and Castile from 1252 to 1282, led a crusade against the Moors.This ruler was from 1257 to 1273 also King Counter-king of Holy Roman Empire, which was related to his mother:
His descent from the German family of Hohenstaufen through his mother Elisabeth, a daughter of the king Philipp von Schwaben, gave him the right to represent the Swabian line. The election of Elector in 1257, after the death of William of Holland in 1256, in which he received the same number of votes as the opponent Richard of Cornwall, seduced him to aim for the prestigious Kaiser crown through the Roman-German kingship; However, this was never realized, because he could not raise the necessary money for a Romzug. In order to get money, he worsened the coins and then tried to control the price increase by an idiosyncratic tax system. The retail trade in its territory was ruined, and the citizens and peasants were badly damaged. The unanimous election Rudolf I of Habsburg to the Roman-German king in 1273 actually meant Alfonso's deposition as king of the Holy Roman Empire.
Karl V: "In my kingdom the sun never sets"
The Reconquista was completed by the Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1492. In the same year, the sailor Christopher Columbus reached America and laid the foundation stone for the Spanish Empire. The heir of Isabella, who died in 1504, was her son John, Prince of Asturias. He married Margaret of Burgundy in 1496, the daughter of the later German Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, but died in 1497 without heirs. His younger sister Joanna married in 1497 the Habsburg Philip I of Castile, who was also a son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, also Duke of Burgundy. However, after showing signs of "madness" in the eyes of her contemporaries, Ferdinand took over. With the death of Ferdinand, the eldest son of Joanna's marriage Charles fell to the Spanish heritage.File:Peter Paul Rubens 119.jpg|thumb| Emperor Charles V ruled over a global empire in which the sun never went down; painting by Rubens
To secure the heritage, Charles concluded the Treaty of Noyon in 1516 for understanding with France. In 1519, after his grandfather Maximilian had died, he was also struck by the Austrian - habsburg inheritance. He was elected Roman-German King and assumed the title "Chosen Emperor" at his coronation in 1520.
Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England also applied for Maximilian's succession, and finally Friedrich von Sachsen, and Karl's brother Ferdinand was at times as a candidate in the conversation. The decisive factor was the financial support provided by the Fugger. The total cost of the election was 851,918 guilders, of which the Fuggers alone raised 543,585.
In Spain, the Comuneros Uprising broke out against the reign of Karl, a foreigner, who had raised taxes to finance his wars. The insurrection was mainly supported by the bourgeoisie of the cities of Castile, in particular . He found support in parts of the clergy and the nobility. His goal was to limit the royal power in favor of Cortes. In the Kingdom of Valencia he came to a social revolutionary movement, the Germania. The rebels under Juan de Padilla were defeated at Villalar in 1521, the rebellion finally suppressed in 1522. After securing power, Spain became a central power base of the emperor.
Wars with France and the Ottomans (1521-1556)
At European level, the fighting between France and the Habsburgs was of great importance. For the Emperor it was dangerous, as the Pope and Venice tended increasingly to the side of France. In 1525 Charles' troops captured Francis I in the Battle of Pavia. But Karl joined the proposals for a moderate peace. This led to the signing of the Treaty of Madrid in 1526, in which France relinquished its claims in northern Italy, Karl hoped to be able to persuade Franz to fight together against the Ottomans and against the Lutherans. But after Franz was released, he revoked the contract. He managed to win with the Holy League of Cognac from the Pope, Venice, Florence and finally even Milan allies.Division of the Habsburg Empire, Philip II (1556-1598)
When Charles V put down the government in 1556, Spain lost the Austrian possessions of the House of Habsburg and the imperial crown, but retained the Netherlands, the Franche-Comté, the Duchy of Milan, and the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia.In 1570 his son and successor, Philip II, married Anna of Austria, the mother of the heir apparent Philip.
In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire was an expansive major power. Venice and Spain sent a common fleet into the eastern Mediterranean, which defeated the Turks in the Battle of Lepanto on 7 October 1571. Although Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was not part of the Holy League, its Commander-in-Chief Juan de Austria, an extra-marital son of Emperor Charles V. and the bourgeois Regensburg he Gürtler s daughter Barbara Blomberg.
Spanish Succession War (1701-1714)
The extinction of the Spanish Habsburgs in 1701 triggered the Spanish Succession War. The Hague Great Alliance around the Austrian - Habsburg Emperor, the Holy Roman Empire, England and Great Britain and the Netherlands fought against France and its allies Kurköln, Savoy and the Electorate of Bavaria. The war took an unfavorable turn for Habsburg with the death of Joseph I., but it also shook the forces of France. The Austrian house Habsburg had become under Leopold I. and Joseph I. nevertheless to the European great power.In the end, France succeeded in establishing Philip V as king of Spain. Thus the dynasty of the Bourbonen, which reigns today, was founded in Spain. Almost all the powers involved in the war had achieved at least partial successes at the end of the war.
19th century
Leopold von Hohenzollern: Spanish succession disputes lead to the Franco-Prussian War.In 1869, the Spanish Cortes proclaimed a new constitution that envisaged a parliamentary monarchy as a form of government. A promising royal candidate was Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, scion of a Catholic branch line of Hohenzollern. He was persuaded in the spring of 1870 by Otto von Bismarck to accept the candidature. Soon Leopold resigned from his candidacy, as France threatened war. The French objection to Leopold or the French demand "that S. Maj. The king committed himself for all future, never to give his consent again, if the Hohenzollern should come back to their candidature" - as that of Otto edited by Bismarck and thus deliberately pointed Emser Depesche, led to the German-French War. The victory of Prussia and its allies resulted in 1871 in the German Unification.
Reich Chancellor Bismarck described the German Reich as "saturated" in order to be able to insert the new power factor in Europe's center into the Concert of the Powers but Kaiser Wilhelm II, German Emperor from 1888 to 1918, demanded "a place in the sun" for the Germans. This world power policy brought Germany came into conflict with Spain in the Asian Pacific region over its plans to colonize some Micronesian islands claimed by Spain, even though it was a declining power and had already lost most of its American colonies in the Spanish American wars of independence. With Spain's loss in the Spanish American War they ceded their last American colonies to the United States along with the Asian colonies of the Philippines and Guam island. In 1898 the Spanish Empire tried to recover from the war by selling its remaining Pacific island colonies to the German Empire, ending with the German–Spanish Treaty by which Spain relinquished the Carolines, the northern Mariana Islands and Palau to Germany. These South Pacific areas became part of German New Guinea.
20th century
During World War I, Spain remained neutral, while Germany and the other Central Powers lost the war against the Triple Entente. This led to the abdication of all German monarchs.A side effect of the German defeat was that Germany failed as a rival of Spain in the struggle for colonial possessions in Morocco. The brothers Mannesmann had possession in the Moroccan Rif area, which corresponded to about an eighth of the territory.
During the Rif War,the Spaniards tried to extend their rule to the entire colonial territory in northern Morocco. It was at the initiative of the king who wanted to exterminate the Rif Kabyles, Dirk Sasse: French, British and Germans in the Rifkrieg 1921–1926. Speculators and sympathizers, deserters and gamblers in the service Abdelkrims. It was not until July 1927 that they had subjugated the entire area.
The inter-war period was associated with great uncertainty and instability for most European countries. Democratic ideas were threatened on the right by fascist and on the left by communist ideologies. While in Germany, which had been hit hard by the Treaty of Versailles, the Weimar Republic struggled to establish itself, Spain saw the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera and the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931.
After the July 1936 attempt at a coup d'état in Spain led to the start of the Spanish Civil War, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy sided with the rebels and supplied them with money, munitions and manpower, including the intervention of the Condor Legion.