Georg Henrik von Wright


Georg Henrik von Wright was a Finnish philosopher. He is particularly known for his work in philosophical logic, especially deontic logic, his work on Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy, and his work on moral pessimism, especially regarding the Myth of Progress.

Early life and education

G. H. von Wright was born in Helsinki, Finland on 14 June 1916 to Tor von Wright, a managing director, and his wife Ragni Elisabeth Alfthan. Von Wright was of both Finnish and 17th-century Scottish ancestry; the Scottish von Wright family had been raised to the Finnish nobility in 1772. He was an undergraduate at the University of Helsinki from 1934 to 1937, majoring in philosophy, history and political science while minoring in mathematics. His philosophy advisor was Eino Kaila, an affiliate of the Vienna Circle who introduced von Wright to logical empiricism. He was also particularly inspired by the lectures of Rolf Nevanlinna on probability and relativity.
Von Wright went to Vienna to continue his studies, but then was forced to reconsider in the wake of the Anschluss. He moved to Trinity College at Cambridge University in March of 1939, where he worked with C. D. Broad and R. B. Braithwaite, met G. E. Moore and Ludwig Wittgenstein, and observed Wittgenstein's dialogues with Alan Turing.
He returned to Helsinki in the summer of 1939 and began working as a propagandist for Finland's World War II home front and then a military ballistics scientist. In 1941, he married Maria Elisabeth von Troil and completed his doctoral dissertation, titled The Logical Problem of Induction.

Career

Von Wright became a lecturer at the University of Helsinki in 1943 and became a chaired professor in 1946. He became known to the international philosophical community in the early 1940s via commentaries on his writings on the logic of induction by C. D. Broad in the journal Mind.
He returned to Cambridge again in 1947 and became a close student of Wittgenstein's, who Wittgenstein reportedly said was "the only one of his students who he had not spoiled with his education, the only one who did not attempt to imitate his way of thinking or his mode of expression." On Wittgenstein's retirement as professor at Cambridge, von Wright succeeded him there in 1948, remaining until after Wittgenstein's death in 1951 and then returning to Helsinki. He was one of three scholars left Wittgenstein's literary estate, together with G. E. M. Anscombe and Rush Rhees. In 1951 he published A Treatise on Induction and Probability, which he regarded as the end of the phase of his philosophical career begun under Kaila's supervision in the 1930s.
Upon returning he began focusing on the development of deontic logic, writing the seminal essay "Deontic Logic" for Mind in 1951, and then moved on to the general philosophy of norms. He gave the Gifford Lectures in 1959 and used that material to write his books The Varieties of Goodness and Norm and Action.
In the 1960s, he turned his attention to the logic of time and to organizational leadership roles. By the end of the 1960s, von Wright had begun to take an interest in political questions, having opposed the heavy bombing ordered by Lyndon B. Johnson during the Vietnam War in his "The War Against Vietnam". He became a member of the Academy of Finland in 1961 and its chairman from 1968 to 1970, remaining until 1986. He served as president of the Philosophical Society of Finland 1962–1973, president of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science 1963–1965, and the Institut Internationale de Philosophie 1975–1977.
Traveling from Helsinki, he was a visiting professor at Cornell University in 1954 and a visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles 1964 and then a repeated visitor at Cornell 1965–1977. In 1973, interested in developing a Marxist humanism, he attended the Praxis School-organised Korčula Summer School in Yugoslavia. From 1968 to 1977, he was the chancellor of Åbo Akademi. He was the first Leibniz visiting professor to Leipzig University, for the academic year 1994–1995.
He published in English, Finnish, German, and Swedish, belonging to the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland. His career also included editorial work; he was editor-in-chief of Studentbladet in 1939, an editor for Finsk Tidskrift from 1941 to 1946, and an editor for Nya Argus from 1947 to 1960.

Death

Von Wright died at his home in Helsinki on 16 June 2003. His library and papers were donated to the University of Helsinki and have become available to researchers via the National Library of Finland.

Work

Von Wright's writings come under two broad categories. The first is analytic philosophy and philosophical logic in the Anglo-American vein. His 1951 texts An Essay in Modal Logic and "Deontic Logic" were landmarks in the postwar rise of formal modal logic and deontic logic. He was an authority on Wittgenstein, editing his later works and assembling the collection Culture and Value. He was the leading figure in the Finnish philosophy of his time, specialising in philosophical logic, philosophical analysis, philosophy of action, philosophy of language, and epistemology.
The other vein in von Wright's writings is moralist and pessimist. During the last twenty years of his life, under the influence of Oswald Spengler, Jürgen Habermas and the Frankfurt School's reflections about modern rationality, he wrote prolifically. His article "The Myth of Progress" questions whether our apparent material and technological progress can really be considered "progress".

Awards

Von Wright was elected to an honorary fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1983. In the last year of his life, he was awarded several honorary degrees, including one by the University of Bergen. He also received honorary doctorates from the University of Helsinki, the University of Innsbruck, the University of Buenos Aires, Stockholm University, the University of Turku, the University of Liverpool, St. Olaf College, and Lund University.
He was awarded the Swedish Academy Finland Prize in 1968. Other awards included the Wihuri International Prize in 1976 and the Swedish Cultural Foundation's Culture Prize in 1982. He received the Humboldt Research Award and the Academy of Sweden's gold medal in 1986. He won the Selma Lagerlöf Prize in 1993, the Tage Danielsson award in 1998, and the Critical European Prize in 2002.

Publications

  • The Logical Problem of Induction, PhD thesis, 31 May 1941
  • Den logiska empirismen, in Swedish, 1945. A Finnish translation by Hilppa Kinos, Looginen empirismi, was also published in 1945.
  • Über Wahrscheinlichkeit. Eine logische und philosophische Untersuchung, in German, 1945
  • An Essay in Modal Logic,, L.E.J. Brouwer, E.W. Beth, and A. Heyting, Amsterdam: North-Holland,1951
  • A Treatise on Induction and Probability, 1951Mind, 60: 1–15, 1951
  • Tanke och förkunnelse, in Swedish, 1955. Translated into Finnish by Jussi Aro as Ajatus ja julistus in 1961
  • Logical Studies, 1957
  • Logik, filosofi och språk, in Swedish, 1957. Translated into Finnish by Jaakko Hintikka and Tauno Nyberg as Logiikka, filosofia ja kieli in 1958
  • The Varieties of Goodness, 1963. Norm and Action, 1963.
  • The Logic of Preference, 1963
  • Essay om naturen, människan och den vetenskaplig-tekniska revolutionen, in Swedish, 1963
  • An Essay in Deontic Logic, 1968. Published with a bibliography of deontic and imperative logic
  • Time, Change and Contradiction, Cambridge University Press. 1969
  • Tieteen filosofian kaksi perinnettä, in Finnish, 1970
  • Explanation and Understanding, 1971
  • Causality and Determinism, 1974.
  • Handlung, Norm und Intention, in German, 1977
  • Humanismen som livshållning, in Swedish, 1978. Translated into Finnish by Kai Kaila as Humanismi elämänasenteena in 1981
  • Freedom and Determination, 1980
  • Wittgenstein, 1982
  • Philosophical Papers I–III, 1983–1984
  • *v. I Practical Reason, v. II Philosophical Logic, v. III Truth, Knowledge, and Modality
  • , 1985.
  • Filosofisia tutkielmia, in Finnish, 1985
  • Vetenskapen och förnuftet, in Swedish, 1986
  • Minervan pöllö, in Finnish, 1991
  • Myten om framsteget, in Swedish, 1993
  • The Tree of Knowledge and Other Essays, Leiden, Brill., 1993
  • Att förstå sin samtid, in Swedish, 1994
  • Six Essays in Philosophical Logic. Acta Philosophica Fennica, Vol. 60, 1996
  • Viimeisistä ajoista: Ajatusleikki, in Finnish, 1997
  • Logiikka ja humanismi, in Finnish, 1998
  • In the Shadow of Descartes: Essays in the Philosophy of Mind, Dordrech, Kluwer, 1998
  • Mitt liv som jag minns det, in Swedish, 2001
Von Wright edited posthumous publications by Wittgenstein, which were published by Blackwell :
Von Wright also edited extracts from the diary of David Pinsent, also published by Wiley-Blackwell:
  • 1990. A Portrait of Wittgenstein as a Young Man: From the Diary of David Hume Pinsent 1912–1914..
For more complete publication details see "Bibliography of the Writings of Georg Henrik von Wright" and "The Georg Henrik von Wright-Bibliography".