Oxted line

The Oxted line is a railway line in southern England. It runs from the Brighton Main Line at in Greater London to Hurst Green Junction in Surrey, where its two branches diverge. The western branch continues via to in West Sussex, whereas the eastern branch runs via in Kent to in East Sussex. The line is named after the town of Oxted in Surrey and also serves parts of the London Borough of Croydon. The South Croydon–East Grinstead section is electrified using the 750 V DC third-rail system and is double track throughout. The unelectrified Hurst Green Junction–Uckfield section is in length and, south of, is mostly single track.
Most trains on the Oxted line are operated by Southern, although Thameslink services also run to-and-from East Grinstead at peak times. During off-peak periods on weekdays, there is a half-hourly service between and East Grinstead, and an hourly service between and Uckfield. Services operated by Class 377 electric multiple units generally call at all stations between and East Grinstead; services operated by Class 171 diesel multiple units call at all stations between Oxted and Uckfield, but generally run non-stop between and Oxted.
The first part of the route to be completed, between and Uckfield, was opened by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway in August 1868. Although construction work was also carried out on the northern part of the Oxted line, the unfinished track bed was abandoned in 1869. In 1878, Parliament authorised the South Croydon–East Grinstead line, part of which would be built as a joint venture between the LB&SCR and the South Eastern Railway. The first trains between London and East Grinstead via Oxted ran in March 1884. Four years later, in 1888, the Oxted line was completed with the opening of the section between Hurst Green Junction and Eridge.
Until the mid-20th century, trains were able to continue from both southern termini to. Passenger services were permanently withdrawn from the East Grinstead–Lewes section in March 1958 and from the Uckfield–Lewes section in May 1969. Steam haulage on the Oxted line was replaced by diesel traction in 1965 and the electrification of the South Croydon–East Grinstead section was completed in 1987. Much of the line between Hever and Uckfield was converted to single track in 1990. The Cowden rail crash occurred on 15 October 1994, when two trains collided on a section of single line that had previously been double track.

Route

Overview

The Oxted line is a railway line in southern England. It links central London and the borough of Croydon with the towns of Oxted, East Grinstead, Edenbridge, Crowborough and Uckfield. The route passes through the counties of Greater London, Surrey, Kent, East Sussex and West Sussex. Four stations are in the London fare zones: South Croydon station is in Zone 5;, and are in Zone 6. The name "Oxted Line" was first used in 1989 by Network SouthEast, the then operator of the route.
The Oxted line diverges from the Brighton Main Line at South Croydon Junction, immediately to the south of South Croydon station, and climbs along the eastern side of the Caterham valley, initially parallel to the Caterham line. At Hurst Green Junction, south of Hurst Green station, the line line splits into two, with an electrified branch running to and an unelectrified branch running to. Both routes previously continued south beyond their current termini to, but these lines were closed in the mid-20th century. Although the South Croydon–East Grinstead section is double track throughout, the Uckfield branch was mostly converted to single track south of in 1990.
Three distinct services operate on the Oxted line:

–East Grinstead operated by Southern using Class 377 electric multiple units;
–Uckfield operated by Southern using Class 171 diesel multiple units;
Thameslink services to-and-from East Grinstead during weekday peak hours only, operated by Class 700 electric multiple units.

With the exception of the Thameslink services, Oxted line trains do not call at South Croydon. North of, trains to London Victoria call only at, whereas those operated by Class 171 and 700 units run fast to London Bridge. In general, trains to-and-from Uckfield do not call at Sanderstead, Riddlesdown, Upper Warlingham and.

South Croydon–East Grinstead

The South Croydon–East Grinstead section of the Oxted line is in length and has 10 stations in total. South Croydon station has five platforms, of which only three are accessible for Oxted Line trains; Oxted station has three platforms, one of which is a south-facing bay; all other stations have two platforms each. All stations are managed by Southern. This section of the line serves Lingfield Park Racecourse, around from Lingfield station, and interchange is available with the Bluebell Railway, a heritage railway, at East Grinstead.
The South Croydon–East Grinstead section of the Oxted line is electrified using the 750 V DC third-rail system and is double track throughout. North of Upper Warlingham, the signalling is controlled by Three Bridges Area Signalling Centre, but the rest of the line is controlled from Oxted Signal Box. The maximum line speed is and trains typically reach East Croydon from East Grinstead in around 35–40 minutes. The maximum gradient on this section is 1 in 67, south of Dormans. The summit of the line is on the north side of Oxted Tunnel, the longest on the line at. There are two other tunnels: the Riddlesdown Tunnel and the Limpsfield Tunnel. There are four viaducts on the South Croydon–East Grinstead section at Riddlesdown, Warlingham, Oxted and Cooks Pond. Between Hurst Green and Lingfield, the line passes beneath the Redhill–Tonbridge line, although the Crowhurst spur connecting the two was closed in 1965.

Station	Distance from London Victoria via East Croydon	Number of platforms	Opening date	Original name	Ref.
		5
		2
		2
		2		Warlingham
		2		Marden Park
		3
		2		Hurst Green Halt
		2
		2
		2		East Grinstead Low Level

Hurst Green Junction–Uckfield

The Hurst Green Junction–Uckfield section is in length and has eight stations in total. station has three platforms, of which one is used by the Oxted line and the other two by the Spa Valley Railway., Hever, and stations have two platforms each; the remaining three stations have a single platform. All stations are managed by Southern and passenger services are operated using Class 171 diesel multiple units.
This part of the Oxted line is unelectrified and signalling is controlled from Oxted Signal Box. North of Hever is double track, but to the south the line has been singled, although trains may pass at Ashurst and Crowborough stations. The maximum speed is and trains typically reach Hurst Green from Uckfield in around 40 minutes. The steepest gradient, 1 in 66, is at Burnt Oak Bridge, to the north of Buxted. There are three tunnels on the Hurst Green Junction–Uckfield section of the line. The double-track Edenbridge Tunnel is long and opens out in the middle to allow the Redhill–Tonbridge line to cross over on a bridge. The other two tunnels are the Mark Beech Tunnel and the Crowborough Tunnel.

Station	Distance from London Victoria via East Croydon	Number of platforms	Opening date	Original name	Ref.
		2		Edenbridge
		2
		1
		2
		3
		2		Rotherfield
		1
		1

History

1860s

The first part of the Oxted line to be completed was the section from Eridge to Uckfield. It was built to join the existing East Grinstead–Tunbridge Wells line at to the Uckfield–Lewes line. It was proposed by the Brighton, Uckfield & Tunbridge Wells Railway and was supported by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, which owned the other two lines. The new link not only enabled trains from east Kent to reach, but was also intended to block a rival scheme from the London, Chatham and Dover Railway, which would have followed a similar route.
The Brighton, Uckfield & Tunbridge Wells Railway was authorised by Parliament in 1861 and construction had begun by 1863. The LB&SCR purchased the line before completion and opened the section from Groombridge to Uckfield on 3 August 1868. The railway was initially built with a single track, although the bridges and Crowborough Tunnel were engineered to allow a second to be laid at a later date. The first passing loop was installed at Crowborough in 1879 and doubling from Eridge to Uckfield was completed in 1894.
File:Woldingham Viaduct, Oxted line, Surrey.jpg|thumb|right|Woldingham Viaduct, completed by the SSJR before work was halted by the LB&SCR in 1869
The LB&SCR also supported the Surrey and Sussex Junction Railway, which proposed a line linking the Brighton Main Line at South Croydon to the East Grinstead–Tunbridge Wells line at Groombridge. The new line was authorised by the Surrey and Sussex Junction Railway Act on 6 July 1865. Work began the following year, but progress was slow due to the financial panic of 1866 caused by the failure of Overend, Gurney and Company. In 1869, there was a riot at Edenbridge in opposition to the Belgian navvies who were being employed in preference to local labourers.
In 1869, the LB&SCR obtained an act of Parliament to allow it to acquire the partially built SSJR line. Construction ceased immediately and the company paid a fine of £32,250 to allow it to abandon the project. By the time the works were halted, the viaduct at Woldingham had been completed and substantial progress had been made on the tunnels at Riddlesdown, Oxted and Limpsfield. Nevertheless, the LB&SCR estimated that a further £1.5–£2 million would be required to finish the line.