Demographics of the Czech Republic

Demographic features of the population of the Czech Republic include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the population, economic status, and religious affiliations.

Population

With an estimated population of 10.5 million as of 2022, compared to 9.3 million at the beginning of the 20th century, the population growth of the Czech Republic has been limited, due to low fertility rates and loss of population in and around World Wars I and II. Population loss during World War I was approximately 350,000. At the beginning of World War II the population of the Czech Republic reached its maximum. Due to the expulsion of the German residents after World War II, the Czech Republic lost about 3 million inhabitants and in 1947 the population was only 8.8 million. Population growth resumed, and in 1994 the population was 10.33 million.
From 1994 to 2003 natural growth was slightly negative and the population decreased to 10.2 million. Since 2005, natural growth has been positive, but in recent times the most important influence on the population of the Czech Republic has been immigration: approximately 300,000 during the 2010s.

One birth every 5 minutes
One death every 5 minutes
One net migrant every 44 minutes
Net gain of one person every 131 minutes

The Czech Republic has a population density of about 134 inhabitants per square kilometre, which is above the European average. The areas with the lowest population density are located along the mountainous southwestern and southern borders of the country. These regions were significantly affected by the displacement of the German population after World War II.

Life expectancy

Death rate
Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.

Period	Life expectancy in years
1950–1955	66.86
1955–1960	69.59
1960–1965	70.35
1965–1970	69.99
1970–1975	70.04
1975–1980	70.64
1980–1985	70.78
1985–1990	71.46
1990–1995	72.50
1995–2000	74.23
2000–2005	75.54
2005–2010	76.98
2010–2015	78.17

Population density and urban areas

Name	Population	Area	Region
Prague	1,397,880	496	Prague
Brno	402,739	230	South Moravian
Ostrava	283,187	214	Moravian-Silesian
Plzeň	187,928	138	Plzeň
Liberec	108,090	106	Liberec
Olomouc	103,063	103	Olomouc

Age structure

2020

0–14 years:
15.17%

15–24 years:
9.2%

25–54 years:
43.29%

55–64 years:
12.12%

65 years and over:
20.23%
Median age

total: 43.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 28th
male: 42 years
female: 44.7 years

Vital statistics

Source: Czech Demographic Handbook, Czech Statistical Office – Data and time series
Notable events in Czech demographics:

1914–1918: World War I
1940–1944: World War II
1970s–1980s – Baby boom in Czechoslovakia

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate	Crude death rate	Natural change	Crude migration rate	Total fertility rates	Female fertile population	Migration change	Induced abortions
1900	9,333,853	335,441	231,190	104,251	35.4	24.4	11.1	-10.8	4.85	-	-	-
1901	9,404,689	330,411	224,151	106,260	34.6	23.5	11.2	-3.8	4.76	-	-	-
1902	9,474,876	338,746	225,686	113,060	35.2	23.5	11.8	-4.6	4.68	-	-	-
1903	9,545,134	323,257	221,682	101,575	33.3	22.9	10.6	-3.3	4.6	-	-	-
1904	9,615,027	324,295	225,817	98,478	33.2	23.1	10.2	-3.0	4.52	-	-	-
1905	9,684,512	305,183	236,324	68,859	31.0	24.1	7.1	0.1	4.44	-	-	-
1906	9,745,475	318,287	206,380	111,907	32.1	20.8	11.4	-5.3	4.36	-	-	-
1907	9,824,544	311,131	214,301	96,830	31.2	21.4	9.8	-1.8	4.27	-	-	-
1908	9,894,520	313,417	213,207	100,210	31.2	21.2	10.1	-3.1	4.19	-	-	-
1909	9,964,789	310,338	213,338	97,000	30.6	21.1	9.7	-2.7	4.11	-	-	-
1910	10,035,575	300,362	199,961	100,401	29.5	19.6	9.9	-3.0	4.03	-	-	-
1911	10,099,152	292,360	208,057	84,303	28.6	20.4	8.3	-2.1	3.92	-	-	-
1912	10,157,344	283,527	205,165	78,362	27.6	20.0	7.7	-2.0	3.82	-	-	-
1913	10,221,343	278,072	192,332	85,740	26.9	18.6	8.3	-2.1	3.71	-	-	-
1914	10,283,486	257,265	181,981	75,284	26.2	18.4	7.6	-1.3	3.6	-	-	-
1915	10,285,882	188,657	193,900	-5,243	19.2	19.6	-0.5	0.7	3.5	-	-	-
1916	10,221,815	132,818	179,796	-46,978	13.7	18.2	-4.8	-1.7	3.39	-	-	-
1917	10,128,304	119,938	182,554	-62,616	12.5	18.6	-6.4	-3.0	3.28	-	-	-
1918	10,004,335	113,489	227,729	-114,240	12.1	23.6	-11.9	-11.1	3.18	-	-	-
1919	9,921,710	189,675	177,428	12,247	19.1	17.9	1.2	-9.5	3.07	-	-	-
1920	9,978,420	244,668	176,562	68,106	24.5	17.7	6.8	-1.1	2.964	2,787,978	-	-
1921	10,002,030	257,281	161,321	95,960	25.7	16.1	9.6	-7.3	3.035	2,810,061	-	-
1922	10,112,730	248,728	163,366	85,362	24.6	16.2	8.4	2.5	2.882	2,852,697	-14,842	-
1923	10,198,370	241,230	142,335	98,895	23.7	14.0	9.7	-1.3	2.768	2,884,554	-10,930	-
1924	10,277,770	228,894	146,098	82,796	22.3	14.2	8.1	-0.3	2.590	2,914,672	-7,856	-
1925	10,369,760	225,555	146,450	79,105	21.8	14.1	7.6	1.3	2.484	2,950,835	-8,720	-
1926	10,442,610	219,802	148,298	71,504	21.0	14.2	6.8	0.1	2.392	2,980,498	-6,488	-
1927	10,495,940	208,711	155,479	53,232	19.9	14.8	5.1	0.0	2.237	3,007,055	-5,501	-
1928	10,549,221	208,942	147,064	61,878	19.8	13.9	5.9	-0.8	2.209	3,032,177	-6,634	-
1929	10,597,761	203,064	155,493	47,571	19.2	14.7	4.5	0.1	2.124	3,051,531	-5,440	-
1930	10,648,057	207,224	142,159	65,065	19.5	13.4	6.1	-1.4	2.149	3,057,394	-4,948	-
1931	10,702,208	196,214	144,534	51,680	18.3	13.5	4.8	0.2	2.026	3,043,805	-3,105	-
1932	10,750,003	190,397	142,997	47,400	17.7	13.3	4.4	0.0	1.966	3,017,535	-1,246	-
1933	10,791,313	176,201	140,906	35,295	16.3	13.1	3.3	0.6	1.826	2,987,230	-211	-
1934	10,826,082	171,042	135,914	35,128	15.8	12.6	3.2	0.0	1.774	2,971,471	-1,069	-
1935	10,853,125	161,748	140,878	20,870	14.9	13.0	1.9	06	1.678	2,979,846	-1,044	-
1936	10,872,519	157,992	139,093	18,899	14.5	12.8	1.7	0.0	1.664	3,001,262	-1,538	-
1937	10,888,540	155,996	139,558	16,438	14.3	12.8	1.5	0.0	1.690	3,024,902	-2,997	-
1938	10,877,442	163,525	143,115	20,410	15.0	13.2	1.9	-2.9	1.847	-	-	-
1939	11,105,990	192,344	146,976	45,368	17.3	13.2	4.1	16.8	1.916	-	-	-
1940	11,159,539	218,043	153,499	64,544	19.5	13.8	5.8	-1.0	2.195	-	-	-
1941	11,129,373	208,913	152,048	56,865	18.8	13.7	5.1	-7.8	2.279	-	-	-
1942	11,054,018	199,259	153,096	46,163	18.0	13.8	4.2	-10.9	2.422	-	-	-
1943	11,034,846	225,379	153,349	72,030	20.4	13.9	6.5	-8.3	2.784	-	-	-
1944	11,109,341	230,183	161,457	68,726	20.7	14.5	6.2	0.5	2.796	-	-	-
1945	10,692,912	194,182	184,944	9,238	18.2	17.3	0.9	-45.8	2.673	2,160,614	-	-
1946	9,523,266	210,454	134,568	75,886	22.1	14.1	8.0	-116.5	3.254	2,213,164	-	-
1947	8,765,230	206,745	105,277	101,468	23.6	12.0	11.6	-90.3	3.050	2,414,191	49,731	-
1948	8,893,104	197,837	101,501	96,336	22.2	11.4	10.8	3.6	2.886	2,410,762	720	-
1949	8,892,613	185,484	104,632	80,852	20.9	11.8	9.1	-9.1	2.728	2,364,198	3,202	-
1950	8,925,122	188,341	103,203	85,138	21.1	11.6	9.5	-5.9	2.801	2,327,181	16,784	-
1951	9,023,170	185,570	102,658	82,912	20.6	11.4	9.2	1.7	2.763	2,310,547	12,910	-
1952	9,125,183	180,143	97,726	82,417	19.9	10.8	9.0	2.2	2.701	2,292,960	21,022	-
1953	9,220,908	172,547	98,837	73,710	18.9	10.8	8.0	2.4	2.611	2,276,097	11,325	-
1954	9,290,617	168,402	99,636	68,766	18.3	10.8	7.4	0.1	2.581	2,258,979	-2,376	-
1955	9,365,969	165,874	93,300	72,574	17.9	10.1	7.7	0.3	2.578	2,249,231	3,437	-
1956	9,442,040	162,509	93,526	68,983	17.4	10.0	7.3	0.8	2.568	2,242,227	6,176	-
1957	9,513,758	155,429	98,687	56,742	16.6	10.5	6.0	1.6	2.495	2,235,891	6,832	-
1958	9,574,650	141,762	93,697	48,065	15.0	9.9	5.0	1.3	2.305	2,235,143	6,118	49,035
1959	9,618,554	128,982	97,159	31,823	13.6	10.3	3.3	1.3	2.121	2,236,848	8,054	61,914
1960	9,659,818	128,879	93,863	35,016	13.6	9.9	3.6	0.6	2.113	2,238,414	6,521	67,550
1961	9,588,016	131,019	94,973	36,046	13.7	9.9	3.8	-11.2	2.133	2,233,224	4,911	70,062
1962	9,621,808	133,557	104,318	29,239	13.9	10.8	3.0	0.5	2.140	2,250,320	5,823	66,031
1963	9,668,741	148,840	100,129	48,711	15.4	10.4	5.0	-0.2	2.332	2,267,933	8,277	51,470
1964	9,730,019	154,420	101,984	52,436	15.9	10.5	5.4	0.9	2.356	2,283,352	4,814	51,525
1965	9,785,102	147,438	105,108	42,330	15.1	10.7	4.3	1.3	2.178	2,307,598	3,528	58,554
1966	9,826,188	141,162	105,784	35,378	14.4	10.8	3.6	0.6	2.01	2,348,038	2,127	65,818
1967	9,854,241	138,448	108,967	29,481	14.1	11.1	3.0	-0.1	1.90	2,394,485	-3,267	69,850
1968	9,877,632	137,437	115,195	22,242	13.9	11.7	2.3	0.1	1.83	2,441,326	-1,562	72,488
1969	9,896,695	143,165	120,653	22,512	14.5	12.2	2.3	-0.3	1.86	2,474,842	-2,724	74,263
1970	9,805,157	147,865	123,327	24,538	15.1	12.6	2.5	-11.7	1.91	2,459,252	-4,350	71,893
1971	9,830,602	154,180	122,375	31,805	15.7	12.5	3.2	-0.6	1.98	2,458,469	2,490	68,652
1972	9,868,379	163,661	119,205	44,456	16.6	12.1	4.5	-0.7	2.07	2,457,952	2,884	65,079
1973	9,919,519	181,750	124,437	57,313	18.3	12.5	5.8	-0.6	2.29	2,452,906	4,615	55,898
1974	9,994,761	194,215	126,809	67,406	19.4	12.7	6.7	0.8	2.43	2,446,024	3,052	56,969
1975	10,062,366	191,776	124,314	67,462	19.1	12.4	6.7	0.0	2.40	2,435,921	2,401	55,511
1976	10,128,220	187,378	125,232	62,146	18.5	12.4	6.1	0.4	2.36	2,428,019	2,630	56,889
1977	10,189,312	181,763	126,214	55,549	17.8	12.4	5.5	0.5	2.32	2,423,656	1,307	61,114
1978	10,245,686	178,901	127,136	51,765	17.5	12.4	5.1	0.5	2.32	2,424,580	2,064	63,904
1979	10,296,489	172,112	127,949	44,163	16.7	12.4	4.3	0.6	2.29	2,430,946	2,494	64,505
1980	10,326,792	153,801	135,537	18,264	15.0	13.2	1.8	1.2	2.10	2,435,437	1,856	68,930
1981	10,303,208	144,438	130,407	14,031	14.0	12.7	1.4	-3.6	2.02	2,429,295	1,717	71,574
1982	10,314,321	141,738	130,765	10,973	13.7	12.7	1.1	0.0	2.01	2,431,178	1,748	74,574
1983	10,322,823	137,431	134,474	2,957	13.3	13.0	0.3	0.5	1.96	2,436,205	2,383	75,037
1984	10,330,481	136,941	132,188	4,753	13.3	12.8	0.5	0.3	1.97	2,445,979	2,621	79,534
1985	10,336,742	135,881	131,641	4,240	13.1	12.7	0.4	0.6	1.96	2,459,586	2,195	83,042
1986	10,340,737	133,356	132,585	771	12.9	12.8	0.1	0.3	1.94	2,477,791	3,013	83,564
1987	10,348,834	130,921	127,244	3,677	12.7	12.3	0.4	0.4	1.91	2,501,531	2,721	109,626
1988	10,356,359	132,667	125,694	6,973	12.8	12.1	0.7	0.1	1.94	2,529,458	2,544	113,730
1989	10,362,257	128,356	127,747	609	12.4	12.3	0.1	0.5	1.87	2,562,592	1,459	111,683
1990	10,362,740	130,564	129,166	1,398	12.6	12.5	0.1	-0.1	1.89	2,594,107	624	111,268
1991	10,308,682	129,354	124,290	5,064	12.5	12.1	0.5	-5.7	1.86	2,605,248	2,876	106,042
1992	10,317,807	121,705	120,337	1,368	11.8	11.7	0.1	0.8	1.71	2,629,303	11,781	94,180
1993	10,330,607	121,025	118,185	2,840	11.7	11.4	0.3	1.2	1.67	2,647,784	5,476	70,634
1994	10,336,162	106,579	117,373	-10,794	10.3	11.4	-1.0	1.6	1.44	2,659,357	9,942	54,836
1995	10,330,759	96,097	117,913	-21,816	9.3	11.4	-2.1	1.6	1.28	2,666,201	9,999	49,531
1996	10,315,353	90,446	112,782	-22,336	8.8	10.9	-2.2	0.7	1.19	2,658,882	10,129	48,086
1997	10,303,642	90,657	112,744	-22,087	8.8	10.9	-2.1	1.0	1.17	2,642,181	12,075	45,022
1998	10,294,943	90,535	109,527	-18,992	8.8	10.6	-1.8	1.0	1.16	2,625,594	9,488	42,959
1999	10,282,784	89,471	109,768	-20,297	8.7	10.7	-2.0	0.8	1.13	2,609,889	8,774	39,382
2000	10,272,503	90,910	109,001	-18,091	8.8	10.6	-1.8	0.8	1.14	2,595,195	6,539	34,623
2001	10,224,192	90,715	107,755	-17,040	8.9	10.5	-1.7	-4.5	1.14	2,568,283	-8,551	32,528
2002	10,200,774	92,786	108,243	-15,457	9.1	10.6	-1.5	-0.8	1.17	2,548,024	12,290	31,142
2003	10,201,651	93,685	111,288	-17,603	9.2	10.9	-1.7	1.8	1.18	2,534,915	25,789	29,298
2004	10,206,923	97,664	107,177	-9,513	9.6	10.5	-0.9	1.4	1.23	2,525,684	18,635	27,574
2005	10,234,092	102,211	107,938	-5,727	10.0	10.5	-0.6	3.2	1.28	2,519,440	36,229	26,453
2006	10,266,646	105,831	104,441	1,390	10.3	10.2	0.1	3.2	1.33	2,516,411	34,720	25,352
2007	10,322,689	114,632	104,636	9,996	11.1	10.1	1.0	4.5	1.44	2,519,711	83,945	25,414
2008	10,429,692	119,570	104,948	14,622	11.5	10.1	1.4	8.9	1.50	2,535,688	71,790	25,760
2009	10,491,492	118,348	107,421	10,927	11.3	10.2	1.0	4.9	1.49	2,541,780	28,344	24,636
2010	10,517,247	117,153	106,844	10,309	11.2	10.2	1.0	1.5	1.49	2,537,262	15,648	23,998
2011	10,496,672	108,673	106,848	1,825	10.4	10.2	0.2	-2.1	1.43	2,501,062	16,889	24,055
2012	10,509,286	108,576	108,189	387	10.3	10.3	0.0	1.2	1.45	2,484,727	10,293	23,032
2013	10,510,719	106,751	109,160	-2,409	10.2	10.4	-0.2	0.4	1.46	2,461,864	-1,297	22,714
2014	10,524,783	109,860	105,665	4,195	10.4	10.0	0.4	0.9	1.53	2,437,301	21,661	21,893
2015	10,542,942	110,764	111,173	-409	10.5	10.5	-0.0	1.8	1.57	2,414,152	15,977	20,403
2016	10,565,284	112,663	107,750	4,913	10.7	10.2	0.5	1.7	1.63	2,395,539	20,063	20,406
2017	10,589,526	114,405	111,443	2,962	10.8	10.5	0.3	2.0	1.69	2,379,747	28,273	19,415
2018	10,626,430	114,036	112,920	1,116	10.7	10.6	0.1	3.4	1.71	2,369,520	38,629	18,298
2019	10,669,324	112,231	112,362	-131	10.5	10.5	-0.0	4.0	1.71	2,361,163	44,270	17,751
2020	10,700,155	110,200	129,289	-19,089	10.3	12.1	-1.8	4.7	1.71	2,352,621	26,927	16,886
2021	10,500,850	111,793	139,891	-28,098	10.6	13.3	-2.6	-16.0	1.83	2,269,150	49,969	15,492
2022	10,759,525	101,299	120,219	-18,920	9.5	11.4	-1.8	26.4	1.64	2,345,977	329,742	16,438
2023	10,878,042	91,149	112,795	-21,646	8.4	10.4	-2.0	13.0	1.45	2,379,983	94,672	15,088
2024	10,886,531	84,311	112,211	-27,900	7.7	10.3	-2.6	3.3	1.37	2,359,085	36,845
2025	10,882,341	77,000	112,000	-35,000	7.1	10.3	-3.2		1.27	-	-	-

Current vital statistics

Deaths January–October 2024 = 92,859
Deaths January–October 2025 = 92,519

Structure of the population

Age group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	5 168 799	5 363 971	10 532 770	100
0–4	296 944	282 591	579 535	5.50
5–9	249 218	235 846	485 064	4.61
10–14	233 025	220 518	453 543	4.31
15–19	298 949	283 701	582 650	5.53
20–24	355 493	336 516	692 009	6.57
25–29	386 426	360 070	746 496	7.09
30–34	461 410	434 976	896 386	8.51
35–39	456 642	432 290	888 932	8.44
40–44	361 605	343 287	704 892	6.69
45–49	354 342	342 339	696 681	6.61
50–54	336 194	336 351	672 545	6.39
55–59	367 638	386 703	754 341	7.16
60–64	352 692	391 178	743 870	7.06
65–69	249 700	302 420	552 120	5.24
70–74	163 508	220 319	383 827	3.64
75–79	122 317	191 050	313 367	2.98
80–84	79 882	152 084	231 966	2.20
85–89	34 877	86 898	121 775	1.16
90–94	6 453	19 431	25 884	0.25
95–99	1 277	4 727	6 004	0.06
100+	207	676	883	<0.01
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	779 187	738 955	1 518 142	14.41
15–64	3 731 391	3 647 411	7 378 802	70.06
65+	658 221	977 605	1 635 826	15.53

Age group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	5 275 103	5 426 674	10 701 777	100
0–4	290 444	276 818	567 262	5.30
5–9	285 498	271 459	556 957	5.20
10–14	304 995	290 527	595 522	5.56
15–19	252 007	238 443	490 450	4.58
20–24	245 786	232 124	477 910	4.47
25–29	320 181	300 744	620 925	5.80
30–34	370 523	348 408	718 931	6.72
35–39	389 652	363 658	753 310	7.04
40–44	460 462	432 859	893 321	8.35
45–49	452 969	429 617	882 586	8.25
50–54	352 166	338 917	691 083	6.46
55–59	336 205	333 528	669 733	6.26
60–64	304 764	320 701	625 465	5.84
65-69	313 014	359 404	672 418	6.28
70-74	274 177	347 000	621 177	5.80
75-79	170 104	247 097	417 201	3.90
80-84	90 188	153 949	244 137	2.28
85-89	44 759	93 731	138 490	1.29
90-94	14 784	39 027	53 811	0.50
95-99	2 177	8 066	10 243	0.10
100-104	221	530	751	0.01
105-109	27	67	94	<0.01
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	880 937	838 804	1 719 741	16.07
15–64	3 484 715	3 338 999	6 823 714	63.76
65+	909 451	1 248 871	2 158 322	20.17

Education

Literacy

definition: NA

Ethnic groups

The majority of the million inhabitants of the Czech Republic are ethnically and linguistically Czech. They are descendants of Slavic people from the Black Sea-Carpathian region who settled in Bohemia, Moravia and parts of present-day Austria in the 6th century AD. Other ethnic groups include Germans, Romani people, Poles, and Hungarians. Historical minorities like Germans and Poles are declining due to assimilation. There is also a growing community from Vietnam. Other ethnic communities like Greeks, Turks, Italians, and Yugoslavs are found in Prague. Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, Slovaks living in the Czech Republic have comprised roughly 3% of the population.
There are different groups of national and ethnic minorities in the Czech Republic. The only "old minority" is Poles in the Trans-Olza region, while the "new minorities" are scattered among the majority population. While some of the minorities have the whole social structure of Czech society, other represent only some of the social groups.

After World War I

¹ In 2011 a large part of the population did not claim any ethnicity, before the census it was widely mediatized that the question is not mandatory. The vast majority of those who did so are presumed to be ethnic Czechs, number of whom dropped by roughly the same amount that the number of undeclared people rose, circa 2.5 million.
The legal position of the minorities is defined foremost in the Act No. 273/2001 Coll. which implements the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and Recommendation of the Council of Europe No. 1201. There is a number of other enactments which to lesser extent deal with the minorities.
A special situation applies in the case of Moravians and Silesians, who are frequently allocated within the group of Czechs when it comes to the statistical data.

Officially recognized minorities

Minorities, which "traditionally and on a long term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic" enjoy some privileges. As of 2022 there are 14 such officially recognized minorities, which are : Belarusians, Bulgarians, Croatians, Germans, Greeks, Hungarians, Poles, Romani people, Russians, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovaks, Ukrainians and Vietnamese.
Citizens belonging to the officially recognized minorities enjoy the right to "use their language in communication with authorities and in courts of law". Article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms provides the right of the national and ethnic minorities to education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. in its paragraph 16 provides that a citizen of the Czech Republic who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In the case that the administrative agency does not have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 paragraph 9 the same also applies to members of national minorities in the courts of law.
Bulgarians
The economic migration of Bulgarians to the Czech Republic began in the 1990s. 4,363 citizens claimed to have Bulgarian nationality in the 2001 census. They mostly live in the large cities and towns, such as Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Karlovy Vary, Kladno, Ústí nad Labem, Děčín, and Havířov. Nowadays the newcomers from Bulgaria aim for these areas in particular, where they can join an already established community. Many of these economic immigrants have dual citizenship of both the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. However most of the recent immigrants still only have Bulgarian citizenship.
The Bulgarian Cultural Organisation publishes the magazine Roden Glas, while a folklore organisation Kytka promotes traditional Bulgarian dances. Among other organisations are Pirin, Zaedno, Vazraždane and Hyshove.
As an officially recognized minority the Bulgarian citizens of the Czech Republic enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in the courts of law. They also enjoy a number of other rights connected to the status of recognized minority, e.g. the right to education in their own language: the first Bulgarian school in the current Czech Republic was established in 1946 in Prague.
Germans
The German minority of the Czech Republic, historically the largest minority of the country, was almost entirely removed when 3 million were forcibly expelled in 1945–46 on the basis of the Potsdam Agreement. The constitution guarantees rights for minority languages, however there are 13 municipalities with German minority constituting 10% of population, which qualifies for such provisions. There is no bilingual education system in Western and Northern Bohemia, where the German minority is mostly concentrated. However, this is in large part due to the absence of German-speaking youth, a heritage of the post-war policy of the Communist government.
According to the 2001 census there remain 13 municipalities and settlements in the Czech Republic with more than 10% Germans.
Many representatives of expellees' organizations support the erection of bilingual signs in all formerly German-speaking territory as a visible sign of the bilingual linguistic and cultural heritage of the region, but their efforts are not supported by some of the current inhabitants, as the vast majority of the current population is not of German descent.
The German-Czech Declaration of 21 January 1997 covered the two most critical issues—the role of some Sudeten Germans in the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1938 and their expulsion after World War II.
Greeks
Another influential minority are Greeks. Large numbers of Greeks arrived in Czechoslovakia during the end of the Greek Civil War. The first transports of Greek children arrived in 1948 and 1949. Later, more transports, also including adults, arrived. They were partly leftists, communists and guerillas with their relatives, hence the willingness of Czechoslovak government to allow the immigration. This was viewed rather as a temporary solution. After the defeat of DSE and other left-wing guerillas, the Greeks stayed in Czechoslovakia. In total more than 12,000 Greeks immigrated to Czechoslovakia between 1948 and 1950. Today, there are about 7000 Greeks in the country, mostly in the 3 biggest towns – Prague, Brno, Ostrava – and also in Bohumín, Havířov, Jeseník, Karviná, Krnov, Šumperk, Třinec, Vrbno pod Pradědem and Žamberk.
Poles
The most concentrated linguistic minority in the Czech Republic are ethnic Poles, historically the plurality, today constituting about 10% of the population of Karviná and Frýdek-Místek districts. Poles have the right to use their language in official dealings; the public media regularly broadcast in Polish; and there are many Polish primary and secondary schools in the area. The Polish minority has been decreasing substantially since World War II as education in Polish was difficult to obtain, while Czech authorities did not permit bilingual signs to maintain Polish awareness among the population.
The erection of bilingual signs has technically been permitted since 2001, if a minority constitutes 10% of the population of a municipality. The requirement that a petition be signed by the members of minority was cancelled, thus simplifying the whole process. Still, only a couple of villages with large Polish minorities have bilingual signs.
Romanis
Another minority is the Roma, who nonetheless have very little influence on Czech policy. Around 90% of the Roma that lived in the Czech Republic prior to World War II were exterminated by the Nazi Porajmos. The Roma there now are 80% post-war immigrants from Slovakia or Hungary, or the descendants thereof. In total, the Roma in the CR now number around 200,000. There is Romani press in the CR, written in both Czech and Romani, but Romani radio is broadcast in Czech and there is no Romani television. Romani is also absent from legislative, judiciary, and other political texts but it has recently entered some university and elementary school courses. Life expectancy, literacy, median wage, school enrolment, and other socio-economic markers remain low while Roma compose the majority of prison and habitual offender populations despite accounting for only a fraction of a percent of Czech population.

Immigration

According to the Czech Statistical Office as of 31 December 2020 there were 632,570 legal foreign residents in the Czech Republic. Residents from Ukraine are the largest group, followed by residents of Slovakia. There are also Asian immigrant communities in the Czech Republic. The largest is the Vietnamese one followed by the Mongolians and the Chinese. During the communist era the governments of Czechoslovakia and Vietnam had a deal concerning the education of Vietnamese people in Czechoslovakia. Vietnamese people came to Czechoslovakia for the first time in 1956 and then the number of new migrants grew until the fall of communism. First generation Vietnamese work mostly as small-scale businessmen in markets. Still, many Vietnamese are without Czech citizenship. One of the towns with the largest Vietnamese communities is Cheb.
Other large immigrant groups come from Russia, Poland, Germany, Bulgaria and Romania.

Czech Republic Net migration data

Year	Net Migration
2002	12,290
2003	25,789
2004	18,635
2005	36,229
2006	34,720
2007	83,945
2008	86,412
2009	28,344
2010	15,648
2011	16,889
2012	10,293
2013	-1,297
2014	21,661
2015	15,977
2016	20,064
2017	28,273

Year	Immigrants	Emigrants	Net migration
2017	45,957	17,684	28,273
2018	58,148	19,519	38,629
2019	65,571	21,301	44,270
2020	55,661	28,734	26,927
2021	69,201	19,232	49,969
2022	349,548	19,806	329,742
2023	141,263	46,591	94,672
2024	121,823	84,978	36,845

Foreign-born population

;See also

Languages

The Czech language is the official language of the state. There is also the transitional Cieszyn Silesian dialect as well as the Polish language in Cieszyn Silesia, both spoken in Czech Silesia. Various Sudeten German dialects are currently practically extinct: present Czech Germans speak mainly Czech and/or Standard German. Czech Sign Language is the language of most of the deaf community.
The Czech Republic [|officially recognizes a series of minorities] who have legal status and may use their own language to conduct official business, which results in a series of minority languages that may be used officially by members of the recognized minority groups.

Religion

The 2021 census did not contain list of religious organisations and they had to be written by the respondent. Therefore another 231 thousand people responded with catholicism or similar response, 71 thousand people identified simply with Christianity and 27 thousand people claimed to be protestants or evangelicals. Moreover, after doubling their followers the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia was the 2nd strongest church in 2021 census with 40,681 faithful.
Almost half of the Czech population prefer not to respond to religious questions in the Census. Others claim to have no religion or that they are without religious affiliation. In comparison, one in every five claims to have some personal belief.
The largest denominations are Roman Catholicism, estimated at 10.3% of the population, Protestant, Hussites. Other organized religions, including non-organized believers, totalled about .
According to the Eurobarometer Poll 2005, 19% of Czech citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 50% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 30% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force"; the percentage of believers is thus the lowest of EU countries after Estonia with 16%.