Cross River languages


The Cross River or Delta–Cross languages are a branch of the Benue–Congo language family spoken in south-easternmost Nigeria, with some speakers in south-westernmost Cameroon. The branch was first formulated by Joseph Greenberg; it is one of the few of his branches of Niger–Congo that has withstood the test of time.
Greenberg's Cross River family originally included the Bendi languages. The Bendi languages were soon seen to be very different and thus were made a separate branch of Cross River, while the other languages were united under the branch Delta–Cross. However, the inclusion of Bendi in Cross River at all is doubtful, and it has been tentatively reassigned to the Southern Bantoid family, making the terms Cross River and Delta–Cross now synonymous.

Demographics

In Nigeria, these languages are spoken in Cross River State, Akwa Ibom state, Rivers State, Bayelsa State, Ebonyi State and Benue State. The Ibibio language is also spoken in Abia State.

Languages

There are four primary branches of Cross River:
  • Central Delta; 8 languages, the most populous being Ogbia with 100,000 speakers
  • Ogoni; 5 languages, with Ogoni proper having 200,000 speakers
  • Upper Cross River; 22 languages, the most populous being Lokaa with 120,000 speakers
  • Lower Cross River; 23 languages, the most populous being Ibibio language

    Branches and locations

Below is a list of major Cross River branches and their primary locations in southeast Nigeria and southwest Cameroon based on Blench.
BranchPrimary locations
Upper Cross RiverObubra, Abi, Biase, Yala, Yakurr, Odukpani, Ikom and Akamkpa LGAs, Cross River State

The Korring, Kukele, Mbembe language of Ebonyi State

The Korop language of Southwest Cameroon
Lower Cross RiverAkwa Ibom State
Andoni LGA, Rivers State

Lower Cross River State

The Usaghade language of Southwest Cameroon
OgoniGokana, Tai, Khana and Eleme LGAs, Rivers State
Central DeltaAbua–Odual, Ahoada West LGAs, Rivers State

Ogbia, Yenagoa LGAs, Bayelsa State

Internal classification

classifies the Cross River languages as follows.
  • Cross River
  • *? Bendi
  • *Delta-Cross
  • **Upper Cross
  • ***Core
  • ****North-South
  • ****East-West
  • ***Ukpet-Ehom
  • ***Agoi, Doko, Iyongiyong
  • ***Kiong, Korop
  • **Lower Cross
  • ***East
  • ***Central
  • ***West
  • **Ogoni
  • ***Eleme; Baan
  • ***Gokana; Tẹẹ ; Kana
  • **Central Delta
  • ***Abuan, Odual
  • ***Kugbo, Ogbia, etc.
Although Blench tentatively included the Bendi languages as possibly being a Cross River outlier branch, the Bendi languages are generally classified as Southern Bantoid.