Common moorhen
The common moorhen, also known as the waterhen, is a bird species in the rail family. It is distributed across many parts of the Old World, across Africa, Europe, and Asia. It lives around well-vegetated marshes, ponds, canals and other wetlands. The species is not found in the polar regions or many tropical rainforests; generally it is one of the most common Old World rail species, together with the Eurasian coot in some regions.
Taxonomy
The common moorhen was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it in the genus Fulica and coined the binomial name Fulica chloropus. The common moorhen is now one of five extant species placed in the genus Gallinula that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The genus name is from Latin gallinula meaning "little hen" or "little chicken". The specific epithet chloropus combines the Ancient Greek khlōros χλωρός meaning "green" and pous meaning "foot".The closely related common gallinule G. galeata of the New World, and the tristan moorhen G. nesiotis and gough moorhen G. comeri of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, formerly often regarded as conspecific, are now treated as a separate species by all the ornithological authorities, following the discovery of significant genetic differences in addition to differences in the structure of the red bill shield and vocal differences. The final species in the genus, the dusky moorhen G. tenebrosa of Australasia, has also been considered conspecific by some authors in the past.
The name mor-hen has been recorded in English since the 13th century. The word moor here is in its old sense meaning marsh; the species is not usually found in what is now called moorland. Another old name, waterhen, is more descriptive of the bird's habitat. A "watercock" is not a male "waterhen" but the rail species Gallicrex cinerea, not closely related to the common moorhen. "Water rail" usually refers to Rallus aquaticus, again not closely related.
Five subspecies are currently accepted:
- G. c. chloropus – Europe and north Africa to Japan and southeast Asia
- G. c. meridionalis – Africa south of the Sahara and Saint Helena
- G. c. pyrrhorrhoa Newton, A, 1861 – Comoros, Madagascar, Réunion and Mauritius
- G. c. orientalis Horsfield, 1821 – Inner Islands, Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi region and Philippines
- G. c. guami Hartert, EJO, 1917 – north Mariana Islands and Guam
Description
The common moorhen gives a wide range of gargling calls and will emit loud hisses when threatened. A midsized to large rail, it can range from in length and span across the wings. The body mass of this species can range from.
Distribution and habitat
This is a common breeding and resident bird in marsh environments, rivers, well-vegetated lakes and even in city parks. Populations in areas where the waters freeze, such as eastern Europe, migrate to more temperate climates. In China, common moorhen populations are largely resident south of the Yangtze River, whilst northern populations migrate in the winter; these populations show high genetic diversity.Behaviour
Food and feeding
This species will consume a wide variety of vegetable material and small aquatic creatures. They forage beside or in the water, sometimes walking on lilypads or upending in the water to feed. They are often secretive, but can become tame in some areas. Despite loss of habitat in parts of its range, the common moorhen remains plentiful and widespread.Breeding
The birds are territorial during breeding season, and will fight with other members of their species, as well as other water birds such as ducks, to drive them out of their territory. The nest is a basket built on the ground in dense vegetation. Laying starts in spring, between mid-March and mid-May in Northern hemisphere temperate regions. About 8 eggs are usually laid per female early in the season; a brood later in the year usually has only 5–8 or fewer eggs. Nests may be re-used by different females. Incubation lasts about three weeks. Both parents incubate and feed the young. These fledge after 40–50 days, become independent usually a few weeks thereafter, and may raise their first brood the next spring. When threatened, the young may cling to the parents' body, after which the adult birds fly away to safety, carrying their offspring with them.Nest parasitism
Common moorhens are known to partake in both intraspecific and interspecific parasitism, meaning they will lay their eggs in the nests of other moorhens as well as other species. The frequency of the former increases when there are an insufficient number of nesting sites, while the causes for the latter are relatively unknown. There is no one specific species that is the target of their interspecific paratisism, as moorhen eggs have been discovered in the nests of common coots, grey partridges, mallards, and several other species.Status and population
On a global scale the common moorhen is as abundant, as its vernacular name implies. It is therefore considered a species of Least Concern by the IUCN. However, small populations may be prone to extinction. The population of Palau, belonging to the widespread subspecies G. c. orientalis and locally known as debar, is very rare, and apparently the birds are hunted by locals. Most of the population on the archipelago occurs on Angaur and Peleliu, while the species is probably already gone from Koror. In the Lake Ngardok wetlands of Babeldaob, a few dozen still occur, but the total number of common moorhens on Palau is about in the same region as the Guam population: fewer than 100 adult birds have been encountered in any survey.Other localised groups of common moorhen are starting to come under threat. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in the United Kingdom has the common moorhen classified as one of its 103 species whose conservation status is of moderate concern due to its recent population decine. The number of breeding pairs has fallen to its lowest level in the UK since 1966 and has been protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act.
The common moorhen is one of the birds from which the cyclocoelid flatworm parasite Cyclocoelum mutabile was first described. The bird is also parasitised by the moorhen flea Dasypsyllus gallinulae.