CUBRID
CUBRID is an open-source SQL-based relational database management system with object extensions developed by CUBRID Corp. for OLTP. The name CUBRID is a combination of the two words cube and bridge, cube standing for a space for data and bridge standing for data bridge.
License policy
CUBRID has a separate license for its server engine and its interfaces. The server engine adopts the Apache License 2.0, which allows distribution, modification, and acquisition of the source code. CUBRID APIs and GUI tools have the Berkeley Software Distribution license in which there is no obligation of opening derivative works. The reason of adopting two separate license systems is to provide complete freedom to Independent software vendors to develop and distribute CUBRID-based applications.Architecture
The feature that distinguishes CUBRID database from other relational database systems is its 3-tier client-server architecture which consists of the database server, the connection broker and the application layer.Connection broker
The CUBRID connection broker's main roles are:- management of client application connections
- caching and relaying information
- query syntax analysis, optimization and execution plan generation
Unlike traditional database systems where the connection broker and database server are on the same machine, CUBRID’s broker can run on separate machines. This distributed architecture enables better resource utilization, scalability, and high availability by allowing multiple machines to process queries on a single database. By offloading tasks and distributing processing power, the connection broker significantly improves database efficiency and performance.
Features
High Availability
CUBRID High Availability provides load-balanced, fault-tolerant and continuous service availability through its shared-nothing clustering, automated fail-over and manual fail-back mechanisms.CUBRID's 3-tier architecture allows native support for High-Availability with two-level auto failover: the broker failover and server failover.
Broker failover
When connecting to a broker via a client API, users can specify, in the connection URL, a list of alternative hosts where brokers are listening for incoming requests. In case of a hardware, network, operating system or software failure on one of the hosts, the underlying client API automatically fails over to the next host that a user has provided.Server failover
The High Availability environment can be built with 1:N master-slave server nodes. Each slave node communicates with the master via CUBRID Heartbeat protocol. When a master node is unresponsive, the first of the slave nodes will get promoted to a master role. Replication between nodes can be achieved in one of two modes: synchronous and asynchronous.Administrators can specify a list of server hosts each broker can connect to and, in the event of a failure of the master node, another will be used.
Scalability and Maintainability
Backup
CUBRID supports online, offline and incremental backup.Performance
API-level load balancing
Because a connection broker can be configured in four different modes, the list of alternative hosts which a user has provided via the connection URL can be used as a method to balance the load. When Load Balancing is used, the client API will randomly choose a host among those specified in the connection URL except the one which was used to connect to last time. If the chosen host is not available, the selection will continue until all the hosts are determined as unavailable. In such case, the driver will report an error.Query plan caching
A query execution plan cache is implemented on the broker in order to skip most of the compilation steps on often used queries. Because the queries are parametrized during parsing, two queries that differ only by the values of literal constants share the same cache entry.Storage
Indexes
CUBRID has support for B+-tree indexes, both single-column and multi-column. The following types of indexes can be created:- Indexes and reversed indexes
- Unique indexes and reverse unique indexes
- Function-based indexes
- Filtered indexes
- Identifying covering indexes
- Descending index scans
- ORDER BY skip
- GROUP BY skip
- Multi-range limit optimizations
- Index Loose Scan
- Index Skip Scan
Table partitioning
As of version 9.0, CUBRID implements execution-time partition pruning.
SQL support
CUBRID implements a large subset of the ANSI SQL:1999 standard, extended with features from later SQL standards and custom features.Window functions
CUBRID provides support for window functions as defined in the SQL:2003 standard. The implemented functions are,,,,,,,,,,,,, and.Hierarchical queries
using the non-standard Oracle syntax are supported in CUBRID. A number of specialized pseudocolumns and operators are provided for controlling the behavior of the query execution.Built in click-counter
CUBRID optimizes the common scenario in web applications where database fields need to be incremented on certain events. In contrast to the usual approach of using a SELECT/UPDATE statement combination, CUBRID can increment fields from within the SELECT statement execution, bypassing some expensive compiling, execution and locking overhead associated with an UPDATE statement.Java stored procedures
The only stored procedure language supported in CUBRID is Java, requiring a Java virtual machine to be installed on the system.The virtual machine is started and managed by the server and is used for code execution.
Stored procedure code that requires database access must use the JDBC driver, either using the parent transaction or issuing a new one.
Regular expression
In addition to the LIKE operator, CUBRID provides the operator for regular expression pattern matching. By default, the operator does a case insensitive matching on the input string, but the modifier BINARY can be used for case sensitive scenarios. An optional alias of is.In the prior version of CUBRID 11, CUBRID does not support on Unicode strings.
From the CUBRID 11, CUBRID adds the following regular expression functions and supports them on Unicode strings.
- ,,,,
Data types
- For numeric values:
- * integer numerics: , ,
- * floating point numerics: ,
- * arbitrary precision numerics:
- * monetary values:
- For string values:
- * fixed-length character and bit strings:,
- * variable-length character and bit strings:,
- For date and time values:
- * date values:
- * time values:
- * date and time values:,
- For collections:,,
- User-defined enumerations:
- For large objects:,
- For JavaScript Object Notation:
Supported platforms
Interfaces
Command line
CUBRID comes with a built-in command-line interface named csql that can be used to execute SQL statements on the CUBRID server.The tool can be used in one of two modes:
- CS mode, which can connect to local or remote CUBRID servers
- SA mode, used mainly for administration purposes, which mounts a local database by emulating a server instance
Programming
CUBRID provides a number of language-specific application programming interfaces: C driver, JDBC, PHP/PDO driver, ODBC, OLEDB, ADO.NET, Ruby driver, Python driver, Node.js driver and Perl driver.Graphical
Several graphical user interface tools have been developed for CUBRID:- CUBRID Manager is a query browser and database administration tool distributed under the BSD license on macOS and Linux.
- CUBRID Admin is an administration tool distributed under the BSD license on Windows.
- SQLGate is a query browser tool developed by CHEQUER on Windows using the Delphi programming language..
- CUBRID Migration Toolkit is a tool which allows data migration from Oracle, MS-SQL, MySQL and previous versions of CUBRID databases to the latest CUBRID database server.
Release history
Applications
Some applications and websites that have added CUBRID support or are powered by CUBRID:- jOOQ
- SOFA Statistics
- SIDU
- ART
- Scriptella
- JWhoisServer
- Yii2 PHP Framework
- RedBeanPHP
- DBeaver