Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange
The Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange or CCCII is a character set developed by the Chinese Character Analysis Group in Taiwan. It was first published in 1980, and significantly expanded in 1982 and 1987.
It is used mostly by library systems. It is one of the earliest established and most sophisticated encodings for traditional Chinese. It is distinguished by its unique system for encoding simplified versions and other variants of its main set of hanzi characters.
A variant of an earlier version of CCCII is used by the Library of Congress as part of MARC-8, under the name East Asian Character Code, where it comprises part of MARC 21's JACKPHY support. However, EACC contains fewer characters than the most recent versions of CCCII. Work at Apple based on Research Libraries Group's CJK Thesaurus, which was used to maintain EACC, was one of the direct predecessors of Unicode's Unihan set.
Design
Byte ranges
CCCII is designed as an 94n set, as defined by ISO/IEC 2022. Each Chinese character is represented by a 3-byte code in which each byte is 7-bit, between 0x21 and 0x7E inclusive. Thus, the maximum number of Chinese characters representable in CCCII is 94×94×94 = 830584. In practice the number of characters encodable by CCCII would be less than this number, because variant characters are encoded in related ISO 2022 planes under CCCII, so most of the code points would have to be reserved for variants.In practice, however, bytes outside of these ranges are sometimes used. The code 0x212320 is used by some implementations as an ideographic space. A CCCII specification used by libraries in Hong Kong uses codes starting with 0x2120 for punctuation and symbols. The first byte 0x7F is used by some variants to encode codes for some otherwise unavailable Unified Repertoire and Ordering or CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A hanzi, and this may include bytes outside of the 0x21–0x7E or even 0x20–0x7F range, e.g. 0x7F551C for U+551C, 0x7F5AA4 for U+5AA4 or 0x7F8EDA for U+8EDA.
Interaction with ISO 2022
CCCII/EACC is not registered in the International Registry of Coded Character Sets to be Used with Escape Sequences, and as such, does not have a standard designation escape for use with ISO 2022. MARC-8 assigns EACC the private-use -byte 0x31 in its implementation of ANSI X3.41.Layers and variant characters
The 94 ISO 2022 planes are grouped into 16 layers of 6 planes each. Layer 1 contains both non-hanzi and hanzi characters, with the non-hanzi and most frequently used hanzi being placed in plane 1, and with the remaining five planes consisting of less common hanzi. Layer 2 contains simplified Chinese characters, with their row and cell numbers being the same as their traditional Chinese equivalents in layer 1. Layers 3 through 12 contain further variant forms, at row and cell numbers homologous to the first two layers.The last four layers are used for other purposes. Specifically, layer 13 contains additional characters for Japanese language support, and layer 14 contains additional characters for Korean language support. Layer 15 is unused, while layer 16 is used for other characters.
This distinctive design has been criticized by Christian Wittern of the International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism at Hanazono University, who asserts that the relationship of character variants "is very complex and can not be expressed in a fixed, one-dimensional, hard-wired codetable". Ken Lunde describes it as "one of the most well thought-out character set standards from Taiwan", describing its structure as "to be truly admired", but concluding that OpenType variant form substitution can provide the same level of functionality.
CCCII defines roughly 53940 code points as of its 1987 edition, although a more recent draft from 1989 extends this to 75684 code points. EACC, the variant used by the Library of Congress, includes only a smaller set of 15686 characters.
Adoption
As of 1995, CCCII or EACC was used mostly in libraries in the United States, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Although CCCII promised pan-CJK coverage, its support was limited to specialized hardware; difficulty ascertaining when the root versus variant character should be used, exacerbated by a lack of firmly established reference glyphs, further limited its adoption, resulting in Big5 being more commonly used for Chinese in those territories outside of library use., EACC is still in extensive use for specialized bibliographic purposes. It was also an important precursor to Unicode: work at Apple on a CJK character cross-reference database based on Research Libraries Group's CJK Thesaurus, used to maintain EACC, was directly incorporated into the development of Unicode's Unihan set. Unicode hanzi characters are referenced to their corresponding CCCII and EACC codes in the Unihan database, in the keys and ; however, since Unicode's character unification criteria differ from those used by CCCII, not all variant characters are individually mapped. Mapping tables for hanzi, hangul, kana and punctuation between EACC and Unicode are available from the Library of Congress.
Punctuation, symbol, kana and jamo charts
Following are charts for punctuation, symbols, kana and Hangul jamo, showing the characters and giving possible Unicode mappings. Where possible, these are referenced against published mapping data.Unicode mappings for Hangul syllables are omitted below for brevity, but are documented by the Library of Congress. CCCII hanzi number in the tens of thousands and are not shown below, but mappings to Unicode are available from the Unihan database and from elsewhere.
Character set 0x2120 (plane 1, row 0: Hong Kong punctuation)
Although CCCII is usually a 94n set, and therefore does not usually use codes starting with 0x2120, the following layout is used by a variant used by libraries in Hong Kong:Character set 0x2121 (plane 1, row 1: reserved for controls)
No characters are assigned in plane 1 row 1, which is reserved for control codes.Character set 0x2122 (plane 1, row 2: mathematical operators)
This row contains mathematical operators. EACC leaves this row empty. The following table is referenced against sources from Taiwan.The following table is referenced against CCCII data provided by the Hong Kong Innovative Users Group, a group of libraries in Hong Kong, and hosted by the University of Hong Kong. It uses an entirely different layout in this row:
Character set 0x2123 (plane 1, row 3: Roman and punctuation)
This row includes punctuation, western Arabic numerals and Roman letters. Compare row 3 of Wansung code and row 3 of GB 2312.Different variants variously encode the ideographic space at 0x212320, 0x212321, or 0x21635F. EACC includes only the hyphen-minus, parentheses and ideographic space in this set.