Abundances of the elements (data page)



Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust

  • C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook
  • C2 — Crust: Kaye and Laby
  • C3 — Crust: Greenwood
  • C4 — Crust: Ahrens
  • C5 — Crust: Ahrens
  • C6 — Crust: Ahrens
  • U1 — Upper crust: Ahrens
  • U2 — Upper crust: Ahrens
ElementC1C2C3C4C5C6U1U2
01 H hydrogen1.40×10−31.520×10−3
02 He helium8×10−9
03 Li lithium2.0×10−52.0×10−51.8×10−51.3×10−51.37×10−52.0×10−52.2×10−5
04 Be beryllium2.8×10−62.0×10−62×10−61.500×10−63.000×10−6
05 B boron1.0×10−57.0×10−69×10−61.0000×10−51.5000×10−5
06 C carbon2.00×10−41.80×10−43.76×10−3
07 N nitrogen1.9×10−52.0×10−51.9×10−5
08 O oxygen4.61×10−13.7×10−14.55000×10−1
09 F fluorine5.85×10−44.6×10−45.44×10−45.25×10−4
10 Ne neon5×10−9
11 Na sodium2.36×10−22.3×10−22.2700×10−22.3000×10−22.4400×10−23.1000×10−22.89×10−22.57×10−2
12 Mg magnesium2.33×10−22.8×10−22.7640×10−23.20×10−22.37×10−21.69×10−21.33×10−21.35×10−2
13 Al aluminium8.23×10−28.0×10−28.3000×10−28.4100×10−28.3050×10−28.5200×10−28.0400×10−27.7400×10−2
14 Si silicon2.82×10−12.7×10−12.72000×10−12.677×10−12.81×10−12.95×10−13.08×10−13.04×10−1
15 P phosphorus1.05×10−31.0×10−31.120×10−37.63×10−48.30×10−4
16 S sulfur3.50×10−43.0×10−43.40×10−48.81×10−4
17 Cl chlorine1.45×10−41.9×10−41.26×10−41.900×10−3
18 Ar argon3.5×10−6
19 K potassium2.09×10−21.7×10−21.8400×10−29.100×10−31.7600×10−21.7000×10−22.8000×10−22.5700×10−2
20 Ca calcium4.15×10−25.1×10−24.6600×10−25.2900×10−24.9200×10−23.4000×10−23.0000×10−22.9500×10−2
21 Sc scandium2.2×10−52.2×10−52.5×10−53.0×10−52.14×10−51.1×10−57×10−6
22 Ti titanium5.65×10−38.6×10−36.320×10−35.400×10−35.250×10−33.600×10−33.000×10−33.120×10−3
23 V vanadium1.20×10−41.7×10−41.36×10−42.30×10−41.34×10−46.0×10−55.3×10−5
24 Cr chromium1.02×10−49.6×10−51.22×10−41.85×10−41.46×10−45.6×10−53.5×10−53.5×10−5
25 Mn manganese9.50×10−41.0×10−31.060×10−31.400×10−38.47×10−41.000×10−36.00×10−45.27×10−4
26 Fe iron5.63×10−25.8×10−26.2000×10−27.07×10−24.92×10−23.8×10−23.50×10−23.09×10−2
27 Co cobalt2.5×10−52.8×10−52.9×10−52.9×10−52.54×10−51.0×10−51.2×10−5
28 Ni nickel8.4×10−57.2×10−59.9×10−51.05×10−46.95×10−53.5×10−52×10−51.9×10−5
29 Cu copper6.0×10−55.8×10−56.8×10−57.5×10−54.7×10−52.5×10−51.4×10−5
30 Zn zinc7.0×10−58.2×10−57.6×10−58.0×10−57.6×10−57.1×10−55.2×10−5
31 Ga gallium1.9×10−51.7×10−51.9×10−51.8×10−51.86×10−51.7×10−51.4×10−5
32 Ge germanium1.5×10−61.3×10−61.5×10−61.6×10−61.32×10−61.6×10−6
33 As arsenic1.8×10−62.0×10−61.8×10−61.0×10−62.03×10−61.5×10−6
34 Se selenium5×10−85×10−85×10−85×10−81.53×10−75×10−8
35 Br bromine2.4×10−64.0×10−62.5×10−66.95×10−6
36 Kr krypton1×10−10
37 Rb rubidium9.0×10−57.0×10−57.8×10−53.2×10−57.90×10−56.1×10−51.12×10−41.10×10−4
38 Sr strontium3.70×10−44.5×10−43.84×10−42.60×10−42.93×10−45.03×10−43.50×10−43.16×10−4
39 Y yttrium3.3×10−53.5×10−73.1×10−52.0×10−51.4×10−52.2×10−52.1×10−5
40 Zr zirconium1.65×10−41.4×10−41.62×10−41.00×10−42.10×10−41.90×10−42.40×10−4
41 Nb niobium2.0×10−52.0×10−52.0×10−51.1000×10−51.3000×10−52.5000×10−52.6000×10−5
42 Mo molybdenum1.2×10−61.2×10−61.2×10−61.000×10−61.500×10−6
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium1×10−91×10−10
45 Rh rhodium1×10−91×10−10
46 Pd palladium1.5×10−83×10−91.5×10−81.0×10−95×10−10
47 Ag silver7.5×10−88×10−88×10−88.0×10−86.95×10−85.0×10−8
48 Cd cadmium1.5×10−71.8×10−71.6×10−79.8×10−81.00×10−79.8×10−8
49 In indium2.5×10−72×10−72.4×10−75.0×10−86.95×10−85.0×10−8
50 Sn tin2.3×10−61.5×10−62.1×10−62.500×10−65.500×10−6
51 Sb antimony2×10−72×10−72×10−72.00×10−72.03×10−72.00×10−7
52 Te tellurium1×10−91×10−92.03×10−9
53 I iodine4.5×10−75×10−74.6×10−71.540×10−6
54 Xe xenon3×10−11
55 Cs caesium3×10−61.6×10−62.6×10−61.000×10−61.310×10−63.700×10−6
56 Ba barium4.25×10−43.8×10−43.90×10−42.50000×10−45.42000×10−47.07000×10−45.50000×10−41.070000×10−3
57 La lanthanum3.9×10−55.0×10−53.5×10−51.6000×10−52.9000×10−52.8000×10−53.0000×10−53.200×10−6
58 Ce cerium6.65×10−58.3×10−56.6×10−53.3000×10−55.4200×10−55.7000×10−56.4000×10−56.5000×10−5
59 Pr praseodymium9.2×10−61.3×10−59.1×10−63.900×10−67.100×10−6
60 Nd neodymium4.15×10−54.4×10−54.0×10−51.6000×10−52.5400×10−52.3000×10−52.6000×10−52.6000×10−5
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium7.05×10−67.7×10−67.0×10−63.500×10−65.590×10−64.100×10−64.500×10−64.500×10−6
63 Eu europium2.0×10−62.2×10−62.1×10−61.100×10−61.407×10−61.090×10−68.80×10−79.40×10−7
64 Gd gadolinium6.2×10−66.3×10−66.1×10−63.300×10−68.140×10−63.800×10−62.800×10−6
65 Tb terbium1.2×10−61.0×10−61.2×10−66.00×10−71.020×10−65.30×10−76.40×10−74.80×10−7
66 Dy dysprosium5.2×10−68.5×10−63.700×10−66.102×10−63.500×10−6
67 Ho holmium1.3×10−61.6×10−61.3×10−67.80×10−71.860×10−68.00×10−76.20×10−7
68 Er erbium3.5×10−63.6×10−63.5×10−62.200×10−63.390×10−62.300×10−6
69 Tm thulium5.2×10−75.2×10−75×10−73.20×10−72.40×10−73.30×10−7
70 Yb ytterbium3.2×10−63.4×10−63.1×10−62.200×10−63.390×10−61.530×10−62.200×10−61.500×10−6
71 Lu lutetium8×10−78×10−73.00×10−75.76×10−72.30×10−73.20×10−72.30×10−7
72 Hf hafnium3.0×10−64×10−62.8×10−63.000×10−63.460×10−64.700×10−65.800×10−65.800×10−6
73 Ta tantalum2.0×10−62.4×10−61.7×10−61.000×10−62.203×10−62.200×10−6
74 W tungsten1.25×10−61.0×10−61.2×10−61.000×10−61.310×10−62.000×10−6
75 Re rhenium7×10−104×10−107×10−105×10−101.02×10−95×10−10
76 Os osmium1.5×10−92×10−105×10−91.02×10−9
77 Ir iridium1×10−92×10−101×10−91×10−101.02×10−92×10−11
78 Pt platinum5×10−91×10−8
79 Au gold4×10−92×10−94×10−93.0×10−94.07×10−91.8×10−9
80 Hg mercury8.5×10−82×10−88×10−8
81 Tl thallium8.5×10−74.7×10−77×10−73.60×10−77.50×10−75.20×10−7
82 Pb lead1.4×10−51.0×10−51.3×10−58.000×10−61.5000×10−52.0000×10−51.7000×10−5
83 Bi bismuth8.5×10−94×10−98×10−96.0×10−81.27×10−7
84 Po polonium2×10−16
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon4×10−19
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium9×10−13
89 Ac actinium5.5×10−16
90 Th thorium9.6×10−65.8×10−68.1×10−63.500×10−65.700×10−61.0700×10−51.0000×10−5
91 Pa protactinium1.4×10−12
92 U uranium2.7×10−61.6×10−62.3×10−69.10×10−71.200×10−61.300×10−62.800×10−62.500×10−6
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium

Urban soils

The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. Regardless of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the element abundances in urban soils generally reflect those in the Earth's crust. With the development of technology the abundances may be refined.
Mass fraction, in mg/kg.
ElementAtomic numberAbundance in urban soils
Ag470.37
Al1338200
As3315.9
B545
Ba56853.12
Be43.3
Bi831.12
C645100
Ca2053800
Cd480.9
Cl17285
Co2714.1
Cr2480
Cs555.0
Cu2939
Fe2622300
Ga3116.2
Ge321.8
H115000
Hg800.88
K1913400
La5734
Li349.5
Mg127900
Mn25729
Mo422.4
N710000
Na115800
Nb4115.7
Ni2833
O8490000
P151200
Pb8254.5
Rb3758
S161200
Sb511.0
Sc219.4
Si14289000
Sn506.8
Sr38458
Ta731.5
Ti224758
Tl811.1
V23104.9
W742.9
Y3923.4
Yb702.4
Zn30158
Zr40255.6

Sea water

Mass concentration, in kg/L.
ElementW1W2
1 H hydrogen1.08×10−11.1×10−1
2 He helium7×10−127.2×10−12
3 Li lithium1.8×10−71.7×10−7
4 Be beryllium5.6×10−126×10−13
5 B boron4.44×10−64.4×10−6
6 C carbon2.8×10−52.8×10−5
7 N nitrogen5×10−71.6×10−5
8 O oxygen8.57×10−18.8×10−1
9 F fluorine1.3×10−61.3×10−6
10 Ne neon1.2×10−101.2×10−10
11 Na sodium1.08×10−21.1×10−2
12 Mg magnesium1.29×10−31.3×10−3
13 Al aluminium2×10−91×10−9
14 Si silicon2.2×10−62.9×10−6
15 P phosphorus6×10−88.8×10−8
16 S sulfur9.05×10−49.0×10−4
17 Cl chlorine1.94×10−21.9×10−2
18 Ar argon4.5×10−74.5×10−7
19 K potassium3.99×10−43.9×10−4
20 Ca calcium4.12×10−44.1×10−4
21 Sc scandium6×10−13< 4×10−12
22 Ti titanium1×10−91×10−9
23 V vanadium2.5×10−91.9×10−9
24 Cr chromium3×10−102×10−10
25 Mn manganese2×10−101.9×10−9
26 Fe iron2×10−93.4×10−9
27 Co cobalt2×10−113.9×10−10
28 Ni nickel5.6×10−106.6×10−9
29 Cu copper2.5×10−102.3×10−8
30 Zn zinc4.9×10−91.1×10−8
31 Ga gallium3×10−113×10−11
32 Ge germanium5×10−116×10−11
33 As arsenic3.7×10−92.6×10−9
34 Se selenium2×10−109.0×10−11
35 Br bromine6.73×10−56.7×10−5
36 Kr krypton2.1×10−102.1×10−10
37 Rb rubidium1.2×10−71.2×10−7
38 Sr strontium7.9×10−68.1×10−6
39 Y yttrium1.3×10−111.3×10−12
40 Zr zirconium3×10−112.6×10−11
41 Nb niobium1×10−111.5×10−11
42 Mo molybdenum1×10−81.0×10−8
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium7×10−13
45 Rh rhodium
46 Pd palladium
47 Ag silver4×10−112.8×10−10
48 Cd cadmium1.1×10−101.1×10−10
49 In indium2×10−8
50 Sn tin4×10−128.1×10−10
51 Sb antimony2.4×10−103.3×10−10
52 Te tellurium
53 I iodine6×10−86.4×10−8
54 Xe xenon5×10−114.7×10−11
55 Cs caesium3×10−103.0×10−10
56 Ba barium1.3×10−82.1×10−8
57 La lanthanum3.4×10−123.4×10−12
58 Ce cerium1.2×10−121.2×10−12
59 Pr praseodymium6.4×10−136.4×10−13
60 Nd neodymium2.8×10−122.8×10−12
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium4.5×10−134.5×10−13
63 Eu europium1.3×10−131.3×10−13
64 Gd gadolinium7×10−137.0×10−13
65 Tb terbium1.4×10−131.4×10−12
66 Dy dysprosium9.1×10−139.1×10−13
67 Ho holmium2.2×10−132.2×10−13
68 Er erbium8.7×10−138.7×10−12
69 Tm thulium1.7×10−131.7×10−13
70 Yb ytterbium8.2×10−138.2×10−13
71 Lu lutetium1.5×10−131.5×10−13
72 Hf hafnium7×10−12< 8×10−12
73 Ta tantalum2×10−12< 2.5×10−12
74 W tungsten1×10−10< 1×10−12
75 Re rhenium4×10−12
76 Os osmium
77 Ir iridium
78 Pt platinum
79 Au gold4×10−121.1×10−11
80 Hg mercury3×10−111.5×10−10
81 Tl thallium1.9×10−11
82 Pb lead3×10−113×10−11
83 Bi bismuth2×10−112×10−11
84 Po polonium1.5×10−20
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon6×10−22
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium8.9×10−17
89 Ac actinium
90 Th thorium1×10−121.5×10−12
91 Pa protactinium5×10−17
92 U uranium3.2×10−93.3×10−9
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium

Sun and Solar System

  • S1 — Sun: Kaye & Laby
  • Y1 — Solar System: Kaye & Laby
  • Y2 — Solar System: Ahrens, with
Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.
ElementS1Y1Y2
01 H hydrogen2.8×1042.8×104*2.79×104
02 He helium2.7×1032.7×103*2.72×103
03 Li lithium4.0×10−75.7×10−55.71×10−5
04 Be beryllium4.0×10−77.0×10−77.30×10−7
05 B boron1.1×10−52.1×10−52.12×10−5
06 C carbon1.0×1011.0×101*1.01×101
07 N nitrogen3.1×1003.1×100*3.13×100
08 O oxygen2.4×1012.4×101*2.38×101
09 F fluorineabout 1.0×10−38.5×10−48.43×10−4
10 Ne neon3.0×1003.0×100*3.44×100
11 Na sodium6.0×10−25.7×10−25.74×10−2
12 Mg magnesium1.0×1001.1×1001.074×100
13 Al aluminium8.3×10−28.5×10−28.49×10−2
14 Si silicon1.0×1001.0×1001.0×100
15 P phosphorus8.0×10−31.0×10−21.04×10−2
16 S sulfur4.5×10−15.2×10−15.15×10−1
17 Cl chlorineabout 9.0×10−35.2×10−35.24×10−3
18 Ar argon1.0×10−1*1.0×10−1*1.01×10−1
19 K potassium3.7×10−33.8×10−33.77×10−3
20 Ca calcium6.4×10−26.1×10−26.11×10−2
21 Sc scandium3.5×10−53.4×10−53.42×10−5
22 Ti titanium2.7×10−32.4×10−32.40×10−3
23 V vanadium2.8×10−42.9×10−42.93×10−4
24 Cr chromium1.3×10−21.3×10−21.35×10−2
25 Mn manganese6.9×10−39.5×10−39.55×10−3
26 Fe iron9.0×10−19.0×10−19.00×10−1
27 Co cobalt2.3×10−32.3×10−32.25×10−3
28 Ni nickel5.0×10−25.0×10−24.93×10−2
29 Cu copper4.5×10−45.2×10−45.22×10−4
30 Zn zinc1.1×10−31.3×10−31.26×10−3
31 Ga gallium2.1×10−53.8×10−53.78×10−5
32 Ge germanium7.2×10−51.2×10−41.19×10−4
33 As arsenic6.6×10−66.56×10−6
34 Se selenium6.3×10−56.21×10−5
35 Br bromine1.2×10−51.18×10−5
36 Kr krypton4.8×10−54.50×10−5
37 Rb rubidium1.1×10−57.0×10−67.09×10−6
38 Sr strontium2.2×10−52.4×10−52.35×10−5
39 Y yttrium4.9×10−64.6×10−64.64×10−6
40 Zr zirconium1.12×10−51.14×10−51.14×10−5
41 Nb niobium7.0×10−77.0×10−76.98×10−7
42 Mo molybdenum2.3×10−62.6×10−62.55×10−6
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium1.9×10−61.9×10−61.86×10−6
45 Rh rhodium4.0×10−73.4×10−73.44×10−7
46 Pd palladium1.4×10−61.4×10−61.39×10−6
47 Ag silverabout 2.0×10−74.9×10−74.86×10−7
48 Cd cadmium2.0×10−61.6×10−61.61×10−6
49 In indiumabout 1.3×10−61.9×10−71.84×10−7
50 Sn tinabout 3.0×10−63.9×10−63.82×10−6
51 Sb antimonyabout 3.0×10−73.1×10−73.09×10−7
52 Te tellurium4.9×10−64.81×10−6
53 I iodine9.0×10−79.00×10−7
54 Xe xenon4.8×10−64.70×10−6
55 Cs caesium3.7×10−73.72×10−7
56 Ba barium3.8×10−64.5×10−64.49×10−6
57 La lanthanum5.0×10−74.4×10−74.46×10−7
58 Ce cerium1.0×10−61.1×10−61.136×10−6
59 Pr praseodymium1.4×10−71.7×10−71.669×10−7
60 Nd neodymium9.0×10−78.3×10−78.279×10−7
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium3.0×10−72.6×10−72.582×10−7
63 Eu europium9.0×10−89.7×10−89.73×10−8
64 Gd gadolinium3.7×10−73.3×10−73.30×10−7
65 Tb terbiumabout 2.0×10−86.0×10−86.03×10−8
66 Dy dysprosium3.5×10−74.0×10−73.942×10−7
67 Ho holmiumabout 5.0×10−88.9×10−88.89×10−8
68 Er erbium2.4×10−72.5×10−72.508×10−7
69 Tm thuliumabout 3.0×10−83.8×10−83.78×10−8
70 Yb ytterbium3.4×10−72.5×10−72.479×10−7
71 Lu lutetiumabout 1.5×10−73.7×10−83.67×10−8
72 Hf hafnium2.1×10−71.5×10−71.54×10−7
73 Ta tantalum3.8×10−82.07×10−8
74 W tungstenabout 3.6×10−71.3×10−71.33×10−7
75 Re rhenium5.0×10−85.17×10−8
76 Os osmium8.0×10−76.7×10−76.75×10−7
77 Ir iridium6.0×10−76.6×10−76.61×10−7
78 Pt platinumabout 1.8×10−61.34×10−61.34×10−6
79 Au goldabout 3.0×10−71.9×10−71.87×10−7
80 Hg mercury3.4×10−73.40×10−7
81 Tl thalliumabout 2.0×10−71.9×10−71.84×10−7
82 Pb lead2.0×10−63.1×10−63.15×10−6
83 Bi bismuth1.4×10−71.44×10−7
84 Po polonium
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium
89 Ac actinium
90 Th thorium5.0×10−84.5×10−83.35×10−8
91 Pa protactinium
92 U uranium1.8×10−89.00×10−9
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium

CRC Handbook

From these sources in an online version of David R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea:

Kaye & Laby

National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants., B.E.J. Pagel

Greenwood

A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann,. Appendix 4, Abundance of Elements in Crustal Rocks.