S-300 missile system


The S-300 is a series of long-range surface-to-air missile systems developed by the former Soviet Union. It was produced by NPO Almaz for the Soviet Air Defence Forces to defend against air raids and cruise missiles.
It is used by Russia, Ukraine, and other former Eastern Bloc countries, along with Bulgaria and Greece. It is also used by China, Iran, and other countries in Asia.
The system is fully automated, though manual observation and operation are also possible. Each targeting radar provides target designation for the central command post. The command post compares the data received from the targeting radars and filters out false targets. The central command post has both active and passive target detection modes. Missiles have a maximum range of from the command post.
The successor to the S-300 is the S-400, which entered service on 28 April 2007.

Variations and upgrades

There are currently three main variations of the S-300, named S-300V, S-300P, S-300F. The production of the S-300 started in 1975, with the tests for the S-300P variant being completed in 1978. The tests for the S-300V variant were conducted in 1983, and its anti-ballistic capabilities were tested in 1987. Numerous versions have since emerged with different missiles, improved radars, better resistance to countermeasures, longer range, and better capability at targeting aircraft flying at very low altitude as well as incoming munitions, such as anti-radiation missiles or glide bombs.

S-300 system family tree

S-300P (SA-10)

The total production for the S-300P systems was 3,000 launchers and 28,000 missiles through 2012.

S-300P/S-300PT

The S-300P/'S-300PT' is the original version of the S-300. The P suffix stands for PVO-Strany. In 1987, over 80 of these systems were active, mainly around Moscow. An S-300PT unit consists of a 36D6 surveillance radar, a 30N6 fire control system, and 5P85-1 launch vehicles. The 5P85-1 vehicles are semi-trailer trucks. A 76N6 low-altitude detection radar is usually also a part of the unit.
The S-300PT had a passive electronically scanned array radar and had the ability to engage multiple targets with a single fire-control system. Since the original system was semi-mobile, it took just over one hour to set up for firing. It ran the risk of the missile hot launch system scorching the transporter erector launcher.
It was originally intended to use a track-via-missile guidance system. However, the TVM system had problems tracking targets below, allowing incoming SEAD aircraft to effectively utilize terrain masking to avoid tracking. To improve tracking of low-altitude targets, a command-guidance system was added to guide the missile for the initial part of the flight. This allowed the minimum engagement altitude to be set to.
Improvements to the S-300P resulted in several sub-versions for both domestic and international markets. The S-300PT-1 and S-300PT-1A are incremental upgrades of the original S-300PT system, using a new 5V55KD missile and a cold launch method. The time it took to set the system up was reduced to 30 minutes and trajectory optimizations allowed the 5V55KD to reach ranges up to.

S-300PS/S-300PM

The S-300PS/'S-300PM' was introduced in 1985 and is the only version thought to have been fitted with a nuclear warhead. This model saw the introduction of the modern TEL and mobile radar and command-post vehicles that were all based on the MAZ-7910 8×8 truck. This model also featured new 5V55R missiles, which increased the maximum engagement range to and introduced a terminal semi-active radar homing guidance mode. The surveillance radar of these systems was designated 30N6. Also introduced with this version was the distinction between self-propelled and towed TELs. The towed TEL is designated 5P85T. Mobile TELs were the 5P85S and 5P85D. The 5P85D was a "slave" TEL, being controlled by a 5P85S "master" TEL. The "master" TEL is identifiable thanks to the large equipment container behind the cabin; in the "slave" TEL this area is not enclosed and is used for cable or spare tyre storage.

S-300PMU

Development of a modernized variant for export, called the S-300PMU, was completed in 1985. The PMU variant was fielded with the 5V55K and 5V55R missiles. Radars used for the S-300PMU complex included the 30N6 target engagement radar, the 76N6 low altitude detection radar, and the ST-68U 3D search radar. In addition, the 64N6 radar was used as a search radar at the regimental command post. The S-300PMU could engage targets with a radar cross section of at least and a maximum velocity of at altitudes between and. It could also engage surface targets at ranges up to.

S-300PMU-1/2 (SA-20A/B)

The S-300PMU-1 was also introduced in 1993, with the new and larger 48N6 missiles for the first time in a land-based system, and keeping all the same performance improvements from the S-300PM version, including the increased speed, range, SAGG guidance, and ABM capability. The warhead is slightly smaller than the naval version at. This version also saw the introduction of the new and more capable 30N6E TOMB STONE radar.
The S-300PMU-1 was introduced in 1993, using different missile types in a single system for the first time. In addition to the 5V55R and 48N6E missiles, the S-300PMU-1 can utilise two new missiles, the 9M96E1 and 9M96E2. Both are significantly smaller than the previous missiles, at, respectively, and carry a smaller warhead. The 9M96E1 has an engagement range of, and the 9M96E2 of. They are still carried 4 per TEL. Rather than just relying on aerodynamic fins for manoeuvring, they use a gas-dynamic system which allows them to have an excellent probability of kill despite the much smaller warhead. The Pk is estimated at 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile, for either missile. The S-300PMU-1 typically uses the 83M6E command-and-control system, although it is also compatible with the older Baikal-1E and Senezh-M1E CCS command-and-control systems. The 83M6E system incorporates the 64N6E surveillance/detection radar. The fire control/illumination and guidance radar used is the 30N6E, optionally matched with a 76N6 low-altitude detection radar and a 96L6E all-altitude detection radar. The 83M6E command-and-control system can control up to 12 TELs, both the self-propelled 5P85SE vehicle and the 5P85TE towed launchers. Generally, support vehicles are also included, such as the 40V6M tow vehicle, intended for lifting of the antenna post.
China developed its own version of the S-300PMU-1, called HQ-15. Previously, the missile was referred to in a Western think tank as the HQ-10, causing confusion with the unrelated HQ-10 short-range point-defense missile system.
The S-300PMU-2 Favorit, introduced in 1997, is an upgrade to the S-300PMU-1 with a range of with the introduction of the 48N6E2 missile. This system is apparently capable against not just short-range ballistic missiles, but also medium-range ballistic missiles. It uses the 83M6E2 command and control system, consisting of the 54K6E2 command post vehicle and the 64N6E2 surveillance/detection radar. It employs the 30N6E2 fire control/illumination and guidance radar. Like the S-300PMU-1, 12 TELs can be controlled, with any mix of 5P85SE2 self-propelled and 5P85TE2 trailer launchers. Optionally it can make use of the 96L6E all-altitude detection radar and 76N6 low-altitude detection radar.

S-300F

Sea-based S-300F (SA-N-6)

The S-300F Fort was introduced in 1984 as the original ship-based version of the S-300P system developed by Altair, with the new 5V55RM missile with range extended to and maximum target speed up to Mach 4, while the engagement altitude was reduced to. The naval version utilises the TOP SAIL or TOP STEER, TOP PAIR, and 3R41 Volna radar, and utilises command guidance with a terminal SARH mode. Its first installation and sea trials were on a and it is also installed on s and s. It is stored in eight or twelve 8-missile rotary launchers below decks. The export version of this system is known as Rif. The NATO name, found also in colloquial use, is Grumble.

Sea-based S-300FM (SA-N-20)

The S-300FM Fort-M is another naval version of the system, installed only on the Kirov-class cruiser, and introducing the new 48N6 missile. It was introduced in 1990 and has a missile speed of approximately Mach 6 for a maximum target engagement speed of up to Mach 8.5, a warhead size of, an engagement range of, and an altitude envelope of. The new missiles also introduced a track-via-missile guidance method and the ability to intercept short-range ballistic missiles. This system makes use of the TOMB STONE MOD rather than TOP DOME radar. The export version is called the Rif-M. Two Rif-M systems were purchased by China in 2002 and installed on the Type 051C air-defence guided-missile destroyers.

S-300V (SA-12)

The S-300V, starting with the 9M83 missile, entered service in 1983, and it was fully integrated in 1988.
The 9K81 S-300V Antey-300 varies from the other designs in the series. It was built by Antey rather than Almaz, and its 9M82 and 9M83 missiles were designed by NPO Novator. The V suffix stands for Voyska. It was designed to be the top-tier army air defence system, replacing the 2K11 Krug, providing a defence against ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and aircraft. The 9M83 missiles have a maximum engagement range of around, while the 9M82 missiles can engage targets out to and up to altitudes of around. In both cases the warhead is around.
While it was created from the same project, hence sharing the common S-300 designation with the S-300P air defense family, the S-300V had different priorities that resulted in a different design. The S-300V system is carried on tracked MT-T transporters, which gives it better cross-country mobility than the S-300Ps moving on 8×8 wheeled transporters. Its search, tracking, and command systems are more distributed than the S-300P's. For example, while both have mechanically scanning radar for target acquisition, the battery level 9S32 GRILL PAN has an autonomous search ability and SARH delegated to illumination radar on transporter erector launcher and radar vehicles. The early 30N6 FLAP LID on the S-300P handles tracking and illumination, but is not equipped with an autonomous search capability. 9S15 can simultaneously carry out active and passive searches for targets.
The S-300V places a greater emphasis on the anti-ballistic missile mission, with a dedicated 9M82 anti-ballistic missile. This missile is larger and only two can be on each TELAR. It also has a dedicated ABM radar: the 9S19 HIGH SCREEN phased-array radar at battalion level. A typical S-300V battalion consists of a target-detection-and-designation unit, a guidance radar, and up to 6 TELARs. The detection-and-designation unit consists of the 9S457-1 command post, a 9S15MV or 9S15MT BILL BOARD all-round surveillance radar, and a 9S19M2 HIGH SCREEN sector surveillance radar. The S-300V uses the 9S32-1 GRILL PAN multi-channel guidance radar. Four types of missile-launcher vehicles can be used with the system:
  • Transporter erector launcher and radar vehicles, which not only transport the missiles, but also fire and guide them There are two models: the 9A83-1 TELAR holding four 9M83 Gladiator missiles and the 9A82 TELAR holding two 9M82 Giant missiles.
  • Launcher/loader vehicles, which transport the missiles and can reload the TELARs, and also fire missiles under the control of a TELAR. There are two models: the 9A84 LLV holding two 9M83 Gladiator missiles and the 9A85 LLV holding two 9M82 Giant missiles.
The target detection ranges for each radar vary based on the radar cross-section of the target:
  • 9S15M – with a cross section and with a cross section.
  • 9S19M2 – with an unknown cross-section; it contains two passive electronically scanned arrays with a very high resistance to interference.
  • 9S32M – range is limited to, can work independently, or receive target designation from the S-300V, or a variety of other target designation data systems. Targets with a radar cross-section of are detected at ranges up to and are locked on at. The 9S32 detection range against MGM-52 Lance missiles is, aircraft missiles, fighter or ballistic missile .
  • The ability to hit a target with a cross section of at a distance of . In addition, the guidance system inside the rocket supplements missile guidance systems commands from the 9A82 / 9A83 and 9S32, and the missile guidance systems to passively work with the radar illumination and radiation of the 9A82 / 9A83.
A S-300V system may be controlled by the upper level command post system 9S52 Polyana-D4 integrating it with the Buk missile system into a brigade.
China has built its own version of the S-300V called HQ-18.