1p36 deletion syndrome
1p36 deletion syndrome is a congenital genetic disorder characterized by moderate to severe intellectual disability, delayed growth, hypotonia, seizures, limited speech ability, malformations, hearing and vision impairment, and distinct facial features. The symptoms may vary, depending on the exact location of the chromosomal deletion.
The condition is caused by a genetic deletion on the outermost band on the short arm of chromosome 1. It is one of the most common deletion syndromes. The syndrome is thought to affect one in every 5,000 to 10,000 births.
Signs and symptoms
There are a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of monosomy 1p36, but no one individual will display all of the possible features. In general, children will exhibit failure to thrive and global delays.Developmental and behavioral
Most young children with 1p36 deletion syndrome have delayed development of speech and motor skills. Speech is severely affected, with many children learning only a few words or having no speech at all. Behavioral problems are also common, and include temper outbursts, banging or throwing objects, striking people, screaming episodes, and self-injurious behavior. A significant proportion of affected people are on the autism spectrum, and many exhibit stereotypy.Neurologic
Most people with 1p36 deletion syndrome have some structural abnormality of the brain, and approximately half have epilepsy or other seizures. Almost all children exhibit some degree of hypotonia. Common structural brain abnormalities include agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebral cortical atrophy, gait abnormalities, and ventriculomegaly. Dysphagia, esophageal reflux, and other feeding difficulties are also common.Vision
The most common visual abnormalities associated with 1p36 deletion syndrome include farsightedness, myopia, and strabismus. Less common but still recognized are blepharophimosis, cataracts, ocular albinism, optic atrophy, optic disk pallor, and optic nerve coloboma.Distinct facial features
The facial features of 1p36 deletion syndrome have been considered to be characteristic, although few patients have been diagnosed solely on the basis of facial appearance. These features may include microcephaly, which may be combined with brachycephaly ; small, deep-set eyes; straight eyebrows; epicanthal folds; a broad, flat nose and nasal bridge; underdevelopment of the midface ; a long philtrum; pointed chin; and abnormally shaped, rotated, low-set ears. Infants may have a large anterior fontanelle, or the anterior fontanelle may close late.Other congenital defects
Skeletal
Short feet, brachydactyly, and camptodactyly, fifth finger clinodactyly and other skeletal anomalies are sometimes found in conjunction with 1p36 deletion.Heart
These patients may have congenital heart defects ranging from cardiac septal defects to valvular anomalies and tetralogy of Fallot. In particular, some of the patients may have LV noncompaction a form of dilated cardiomyopathy. This form of LV noncompaction cardiomyopathy is thought to be related to the deletion of the gene CASZ1, this gene in mice leads to ventricular noncompaction.Genetics
1p36 deletion syndrome is caused by the deletion of the most distal light band of the short arm of chromosome 1.The breakpoints for 1p36 deletion syndrome have been variable and are most commonly found from 1p36.13 to 1p36.33. 40 percent of all breakpoints occur 3 to 5 million base pairs from the telomere. The size of the deletion ranges from approximately 1.5 million base pairs to greater than 10 million.
Most deletions in chromosome 1p36 are de novo mutations. 20% of patients with 1p36 deletion syndrome inherit the disease from one parent who carries a balanced or symmetrical translocation.