Highest temperature recorded on Earth
The highest temperature recorded on Earth has been measured in three major ways: air, ground, and via satellite observation. Air measurements are used as the standard measurement due to persistent issues with unreliable ground and satellite readings. Air measurements are noted by the World Meteorological Organization and Guinness World Records among others as the standard to be used for determining the official record. The current official highest registered air temperature on Earth is, recorded on 10 July 1913 at Furnace Creek Ranch, in Death Valley, Eastern California in the United States.
For a few years, a former record that was measured in Libya had been in place, until it was decertified in 2012 based on evidence that the data provided was inaccurate. This finding has since raised questions about the legitimacy of the 1913 record measured in Death Valley, with several meteorological experts asserting that there were similar irregularities. The WMO has stood by the record as official pending any future investigative results. If the current record were to be decertified then the holder would be a tie at, recorded at Furnace Creek, Kuwait and Mandatory Palestine.
History
The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight. Global surface temperatures as a whole have been monitored since the 1880s when record keeping began. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the highest registered air temperature on Earth was in Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in Death Valley in the United States, on 10 July 1913. This record was surpassed by a reading of, registered on 13 September 1922, in ʽAziziya, Libya. Ninety years later, this record was decertified, making the former reading in Death Valley the world's highest official temperature again. The decertification of the former record in Libya [|has since cast doubt] on the validity of the 1913 recording.If the 1913 record were to be decertified, the highest established recorded air temperature on Earth would be, also recorded in Death Valley on 20 June 2013, in Mitribah, Kuwait on 21 July 2016 and in Tirat Zvi, Israel on 21 July 1942. There have since been higher readings of in August 2020 and July 2021, both at Furnace Creek, that are pending validation.
Measurements have also been taken in two other ways via ground and satellite readings. Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by. The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity. While there is no highest confirmed ground temperature, a reading of – the highest ever among unverified claims – was allegedly recorded in Furnace Creek Ranch on 15 July 1972. Temperature measurements via satellite also tend to capture the occurrence of higher records but, due to complications involving the satellite's altitude loss, these measurements are often considered less reliable than ground-positioned thermometers. Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of, which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured. These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.
Issues
In the early 21st century, prior recordings for the highest temperature on Earth were investigated as probable misreadings. From 1922 until 2012, the WMO record for the highest official temperature on Earth was, registered on 13 September 1922, in ʽAziziya, Libya. This record was decertified by the WMO in January 2012 after investigation concluded that an inexperienced observer probably misread a new instrument that they had not been trained to interpret. The decertification of this former record led researchers to also investigate the former and current recordings made in Death Valley in 1913. One of the earliest objections came in 1949 by Dr. Arnold Court, who concluded that the temperature may have been the result of a sandstorm that occurred at the time. Court stated that "such a storm may have caused superheated surface materials to hit upon the temperature in the shelter." Modern weather historians such as Christopher C. Burt and William Taylor Reid have also claimed that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least too high. The WMO has come out in support of the current record stating that "We accept that Death Valley temperature extreme record. If any new materials on it surface, we will be prepared to open an investigation, but at this time all available evidence points to its legitimacy."Unverified claims
The following are unverified claims of extreme heat over the current world record of. These include historical claims that were never authenticated due to the equipment available at the time and unverified scientific claims. Amateur readings have also been done through social media that claimed occurrences of extreme temperatures which were later discredited. Videos were posted in one instance that allegedly showed street lights melting or trees bursting into flames. These were later disproven by meteorologists who tied the "evidence" to other unrelated prior events that had taken place. All of the recordings listed before 1972 were allegedly caused by a sudden localized increase in air temperature near the surface, known as a heat burst.| Date | Temperature °C/°F | Type | Location | Description |
| Air | Cherokee, Oklahoma | This incident was recorded at 3:00 am, and reportedly caused crops to desiccate in the area. | ||
| Air | Figueira da Foz, Coimbra | Within two minutes, a heat burst reportedly drove the air temperature from to. | ||
| Air | Kopperl, Texas | A heat burst is claimed to have sent the air temperature to near, supposedly causing cotton crops to become desiccated and drying out vegetation. While it is possible the reading may have exceeded, the thermometers designed to detect temperatures up to broke. | ||
| Air | San Luis RC, Sonora | Mexican news agencies according to state archives. | ||
| Air | Mexicali, BC | An archived note from the Baja California State Meteorologic Agency claims a temperature of 58.5 °C. was recorded at San Luis, Sonora by a local meteorological agency. During the same day, another measurement was taken in the "El riito" community in Mexicali. This measurement was never completed as the reading stopped at 60 °C due to limitations of the thermometer used. | ||
| Unknown | Abadan | An alleged temperature of was recorded during a heat burst in Abadan, Iran. | ||
| Ground | Oasis at Death Valley | See "History" section above. | ||
| Satellite | Dasht-e Lut | See "History" section above. | ||
| Satellite | Flaming Mountains | This reading was measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008. | ||
| Ground | Port Sudan | A ground temperature of was reportedly taken in Port Sudan, Sudan. | ||
| Air | Beverly Hills, California United States | According to the Los Angeles Almanac, was the hottest temperature historically recorded among 20 Los Angeles County weather stations. However, a UCLA weather station less than three miles away recorded nothing close to this extreme claim. The Los Angeles Almanac has since stated "we offer no grounds for challenging these records." | ||
| Satellite | Dasht-e Lut, & Sonoran Desert, | Case studies published in May 2021 by the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. |