Zagórze dialect
The Zagórze dialect also known as the Gorce dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the southern part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Podhale dialect to the south, the Kliszczak dialect to the west, the Kraków dialect to the north and the Goral and Lachy Sącz dialects to the east.
Phonology
Typical of Lesser Polish dialects, voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration. Initial accent can be heard in the northern part of this dialect.Vowels
-e- may be inserted between some consonant clusters: meter. ił, il can lower to -eł, -el, with retention of softening of the previous consonant: robieł. The so-called “Podhalanian archaism” is present inconsistently in the south; after etymological cz, ż, sz as well as after etymological cy, zy, sy, i is retained. The Lechitic ablaut is often absent before hard dental consonants: zawiezła. Standard -ur-, -yr- is sometimes replaced intervocalically with -ru-, -ry-, or vice-versa: furgać, murceć, fyrmak, Trubac.Slanted vowels
Slanted á is retained as á or raises to o. Slanted é raises to y after both hard and soft consonants. Slanted ó is retained as ó.Nasal vowels
The realization of nasal vowels here is not uniform. Two types can be distinguished, one in the north and one in the south. In the north, ǫ can be heard in place of the short Old Polish nasal vowel, and ǫ̇ can be heard in place of the long Old Polish nasal vowel, as well as instead of combinations of eN. In the north, yN can be heard word-medially, and word-finally a denasalized ó can be heard instead of the old long nasal.Prothesis
Initial o- usually labializes to ô-. Initial u can also sometimes labialize to û-. Initial i- may gain a prothetic j-, and initial a- may sporadically gain a prothetic h- or j-. Labialization used to occur medially as well: kôsa.Consonants
Final -ch strengthens to -k in all contexts, i.e. in stems: grok ; in morphological endings: na ôgrodak, do tyk nasyk staryk ôjcóf, ôd nik, byłek, stáłbyk. Dark ł, fricative rz, and -rzi- instead of -rzy- can be heard amongst older speakers. trz, strz, drz usually simplify to cz, szcz, dż. Intervocalic -ch- is often lost: słuała. s may geminate in certain words: z lassa. źr is present instead of jrz: uźreć. ł is lost after plosive consonants: gupi, tuc. A few words show a change of initial ch- to k-: kwila, krosta. rz may replace r in some words: śmierz and r can replace rz in others: biere.Inflection
Common Goral inflectional patterns are present here.Nouns
As in the Podhale dialect, hard k and g can be heard in the masculine/neuter instrumental singular: patykem, Bogem, predominately in fossilized adverbs: boskem, ciureckem, cołkem; kyrpce. -owi is used for the dative for all masculine nouns and also in the masculine locative singular except for wół and cap. -a is preferred for the masculine genitive singular over -u. The nominative plural of collective virile nouns is formed with -á instead of -owie: wójciá. The nominative plural may be formed with -a instead of -y: sprzynta. The archaic -e of feminine genitive singular of soft stems is preserved: ze studnie. -ǫ is used for the feminine accusative singular for nouns that end in -á in the nominative singular: idǫ na msǫ. The archaic accusative singular -∅ for masculine non-inanimate nouns can sometimes be seen here: na świynty Scepón ; dóm retains an archaic adverbial prepositional dóma. A masculine archaic genitive plural -∅ can be seen: jyncmión, mórg, Dunajcón ; the old instrumental plural ending -mi occurs in wółmi, but kóń takes kóniami;Slanted á may be retained in the feminine nominative singular as -o, especially in Latinate nouns ending in -yjo. The archaic form klaca is retained ; tydzień declines only in the second element ; rok does not show the suppletive plural lata, e.g. roków and brat shows suppletion only in the nominative plural ; jegomość retains an old feminine declension.
Adjectives and adverbs
Final -ej shifts to -y, -i : gorzy, bardzi, do stary baby. The superlative may be formed with either no- or noj-. The superlative of adjectives and adverbs may be formed with no- or noj-.Verbs
Certain verb declensions are leveled: biere. The aorist is retained in the first person singular, with a shift of -ch > -k: byłek, and can also be seen in the first person conditional: siádbyk. Historically, in the north, the dual ending -wa was exceptionally used for the first person plural present and imperative: idziewa, pódźwa; however, since neighboring dialects didn't have this feature, it was lost. być often has its forms levelled and a preference for the presence of a personal pronoun: jo jest, my sóm, wyście sóm. In Kasina Wielka and Węglówka, -va can be seen in the first-person plural present and imperative. The contemporary adverbial participle is formed with -yncy instead of -ąc.Prepositions and prefixes
z- and z are often archaically retained as s- and s- and allophonically realized as ś- and ś in front of liquids and w, ẃ: śloz, śległa, świjać, swyrtok, s Msane Mszany.Vocabulary
Word-Formation
Typical Lesser Polish word-formation tendencies can be seen here.Nouns
-ón is often used instead of -anin. Attributive nouns are more often formed with -ość instead of -ota: gupość ; -ę is used more often than -ak for young animals; conversely -ba, -ota, and -ać may occur more frequently for deverbals or deadjectivals: kwolba, skrzepota, pustać. Common masculine diminutive endings include -ocek, -osek, -icek/-ycek, -uś, -ik; feminine include -sia, -usia, -cia, -ina. Common augmentative/pejorative endings include -isko/-ysko. Agentative and attributive deadjectival nouns are formed often with -oc and -ok.Adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns
Possessive adjectives may be formed with -in as well as -ów. Diminuative adjectives are often formed with -utki, -uśki, -usieńki. Frequent adjective endings include -asty, -awy, -owy, and -owaty; -ni occurs often instead of standard -ny.Adverbs are formed with -e and -o as in standard Polish but their distribution may be different; adverbs may be extended with -ki; adverbs with -dy occur more frequently.
Interminate pronouns are often formed with -si instead of -ś; pronouns may also be extended with -ki: naski, cosik, and many periphrastic extensions exist, e.g. choć kto.