''' |1939Ref|Albania|A
Soviet UnionThe estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead
| Soviet Republic | Population 1940
| Military deaths | Civilian deaths due to
military activity and
crimes against humanity | Civilian deaths due to war
related famine and disease | Total | Deaths as % of
1940 population |  Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Armenia
| Country | Population
1939 | Military
deaths | Civilian deaths due to
Allied Strategic Bombing | Civilian deaths due to
Nazi persecution | Civilian deaths due to Expulsion of Germans | Total
deaths | Deaths as
% of 1939
population | | Austria | 6,653,000 | 250,000 to 261,000 | 24,000 | 100,000 | | 370,000 | 5.56 | | Germany | 69,300,000 | 3,760,000 to 4,456,000 | 353,000 to 410,000 | 300,000 to 500,000 | 400,000 to 1,225,000 | 5,700,000 | 8.23 | | Foreign nationals of German ancestry in Eastern Europe | 7,423,000 | 430,000 to 538,000 | | | 200,000 to 886,000 | 738,000 to 1,316,000 | 9.96 to 17.76 | | Foreign nationals in Western Europe | 215,000 | 63,000 | | | | 63,000 | 29.3 | | Approx. Totals | 83,500,000 | 4,440,000 to 5,318,000 | 353,000 to 434,000 | 400,000 to 600,000 | 600,000 to 2,111,000 | 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 | 8.26 to 8.86 |
- German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany. Russian historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev puts the losses of the "Vlasovites, Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000.
United StatesEstimated breakdown for each US state and territory of total war deadThis table displays the number of people who are believed to have died in the United States by state and territory. In 1939 when World War 2 began, the Census Bureau estimated the population to be 130,879,718 people. This list includes those who died at sea.
| USA State | Population 1940
| Military deaths | Civilian deaths | Total | Deaths as % of
1940 population |  Alabama|name=Alabama
Japanese Empire| Country | Population
1939 | Military
deaths | Civilian deaths due to
Allied attacks | Civilian deaths due to
Japanese persecution | Total
deaths | Deaths as
% of 1939 population | | Philippines | 16,000,303 | 489,600 | | | 500,000 | | | Japan | 71,900,000 | 103,900 | 330,000 to 900,000 | | 2,600,000 to 3,100,000 | | | China | 200,000,000 | 455,700 | | 7,500,000 | 20,000,000 | | | Pacific | 127,000 | 247,200 | | | | | | Burma and India | 393,919,000 | 164,500 | | 250,000 to 1,000,000 | 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 | | | New Guinea | 1,292,000 | 127,600 | | | 15,000 | | | Smaller fronts | | 404,800 | | | | | | Other | | 444,878 | | | | | | Approx. Totals | 304,119,000 | 2,500,000 | 730,000 | 7,750,000 to 8,500,000 | 3,100,000 | |
Holocaust deathsIncluded in the figures of total war dead for each country are victims of the Holocaust.
Jewish deathsThe Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million of the 7.3 million Jews in German-occupied Europe were Holocaust victims. Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews.
; Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead:
The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. The low, high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added.
| Country | Pre-war Jewish population in 1933 | Low estimate deaths | High estimate deaths | Low % | High % | Average % |  Austria|variant=1933
Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi-affiliated forcesSome scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis.
- Donald L. Niewyk, professor of history at Southern Methodist University, maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways: first, that it was the genocide of the Jews alone; second, that there were several parallel Holocausts, one for each of the several groups; third, the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews; fourth, it would include all racially motivated German crimes, such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, as well as political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals. Using this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people.
- According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida "Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy".
- R.J. Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons.
- Timothy Snyder put the number of victims of the Nazis killed as a result of "deliberate policies of mass murder" only, such as executions, deliberate famine and in death camps, at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews.
- German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis.
- Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons, including 5.6–5.7 million Jews.Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution; some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust. Most estimates of Roma (Gypsies) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000. Ian Hancock, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin, has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead. Hancock writes that, proportionately, the death toll equaled "and almost certainly exceed, that of Jewish victims". In a 2010 publication, Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as "remainder to be liquidated", "hangers-on" and "partisans".
- In 2018, the United States Holocaust museum had the number of murdered during the time period of the holocaust at 17 million – 6 million Jews and 11 million others.
The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, the authors maintain that "statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial. These figures are based on necessarily rough estimates".
| Country | Pre-war Roma population | Low estimate victims | High estimate victims | | Austria | 11,200 | 6,800 | 8,250 | | Belgium | 600 | 350 | 500 | | Czech Republic | 13,000 | 5,000 | 6,500 | | Estonia | 1,000 | 500 | 1,000 | | France | 40,000 | 15,150 | 15,150 | | Germany | 20,000 | 15,000 | 15,000 | | Greece | ? | 50 | 50 | | Hungary | 100,000 | 1,000 | 28,000 | | Italy | 25,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | | Latvia | 5,000 | 1,500 | 2,500 | | Lithuania | 1,000 | 500 | 1,000 | | Luxembourg | 200 | 100 | 200 | | Netherlands | 500 | 215 | 500 | | Poland | 50,000 | 8,000 | 35,000 | | Romania | 300,000 | 19,000 | 36,000 | | Slovakia | 80,000 | 400 | 10,000 | | Soviet Union | 200,000 | 30,000 | 35,000 | | Yugoslavia | 100,000 | 26,000 | 90,000 | | Total | 947,500 | 130,565 | 285,650 |
Handicapped persons: 200,000 to 250,000 handicapped persons were killed. A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and Action 14f13 programs at 200,000.Prisoners of War: POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3.1 million including 2.6 to 3.0 million Soviet prisoners of war.Ethnic Poles: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II." They maintain that "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians were victims of German Occupation policies and the war." However, the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance in 2009 estimated 2,770,000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation.Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians: According to Nazi ideology, Slavs were useless sub-humans. As such, their leaders, the Soviet elite, were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved, starved to death, or expelled further eastward. As a result, millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed, starved, or worked to death. Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime-related famine account for a major part of the huge toll. The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews. There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain "scope for error in this number is very wide". At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler "were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths", and "In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle. The general outline is clear: people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances. But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some overlap and others are yet to be found". Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and 1.4 million Belarusians "were racially motivated". According to Paul Robert Magocsi, between 1941 and 1945, approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine. Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans, 1.0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan, c. 3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews. Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 8.2 million. A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians : 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures.Homosexuals: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals. Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps." They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps.Other victims of Nazi persecution: Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy, about 1,000 Jehovah's Witnesses, and an unknown number of Freemasons perished in Nazi prisons and camps. "The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder." During the Nazi era Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution.Serbs: The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustaše is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely. Yad Vashem estimates over 500,000 murdered, 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism. The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941 and 1945, with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone. According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac. According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons. See also World War II persecution of Serbs.
German war crimesNazi Germany ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes in World War II. The most notable of these is the Holocaust in which millions of Jews, Poles, and Romani were systematically murdered or died from abuse and mistreatment. Millions also died as a result of other German actions.
While the Nazi Party's own SS forces of Nazi Germany was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of the Holocaust, the regular armed forces represented by the Wehrmacht committed war crimes of their own, particularly on the Eastern Front in the war against the Soviet Union.
Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes.
R. J. RummelR. J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,964,000. Detailed by country:
- China: 3,695,000
- Indochina: 457,000
- Korea: 378,000
- Indonesia: 375,000
- Malaya-Singapore: 283,000
- Philippines: 119,000
- Burma: 60,000
- Pacific Islands: 57,000
Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000. Detailed by country:
- China: 400,000
- French Indochina: 30,000
- Philippines: 27,300
- Netherlands: 25,000
- France: 14,000
- Britain: 13,000
- British Colonies: 11,000
- U.S.: 10,700
- Australia: 8,000
Werner GruhlWerner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000.
; Detailed by country:
- China: 12,392,000
- Indochina: 1,500,000
- Korea: 500,000
- Dutch East Indies: 3,000,000
- Malaya and Singapore: 100,000
- Philippines: 500,000
- Burma: 170,000
- Forced laborers in Southeast Asia: 70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians
- Timor: 60,000
- Thailand and Pacific Islands: 60,000.
Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584.
; Detailed by country:
- China: 270,000
- Netherlands: 8,500
- Britain: 12,433
- Canada: 273
- Philippines: 20,000
- Australia: 7,412
- New Zealand: 31
- United States: 12,935
Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity. There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease.
Oppression in the Soviet UnionThe total war dead in the USSR includes about 1 million victims of Stalin's regime. The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages. The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal. Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet-era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons. The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941 to 1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives. The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet-era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era. Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll. Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB. Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete; for example, he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre. Rosefielde's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939–40 and 5,458,000 from 1941 to 1945. Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps.
In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation. Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets. In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000.
The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940–1941 at 33,900 including of arrested people, deportee deaths, evacuee deaths, people gone missing and conscripted for forced labor. After the reoccupation by the USSR, 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45.
The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives:
Reported deaths for the years 1939–1945 1,187,783, including: judicial executions 46,350; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629.
Deported to special settlements:.
Deported from annexed territories 1940–41 380,000 to 390,000 persons, including: Poland 309–312,000; Lithuania 17,500; Latvia 17,000; Estonia 6,000; Moldova 22,842. In August 1941, 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets.
Deported during the War 1941–1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including: Soviet Germans 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; Karachays 69,000; Kalmyks 92,000; Chechens and Ingush 479,000; Balkars 37,000; Crimean Tatars 191,014; Meskhetian Turks 91,000; Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000; Poles 30,000.
A total of 2,230,500 persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941–1948.
Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives. However, some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million.
Military casualties by branch of service; Germany
- The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown; 459,475 confirmed POW deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet custody. POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity.
- Rüdiger Overmans writes "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action, the other half having died in Soviet custody".
- Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war.
; USSR
- Estimated total Soviet military war dead in 1941–45 on the Eastern Front (World War II) including missing in action, POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million. There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939–40 during the Winter War with Finland.
- The official figures for military war dead and missing in 1941–45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non-combat deaths. 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries. Figures include Navy losses of 154,771. Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial.
- Casualties in 1939–40 include the following dead and missing: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939, Invasion of Poland of 1939, Winter War with Finland .
- The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.
- The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity.
- Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths.
; British Commonwealth
- Number served: UK and Crown Colonies ; India-, Australia ; Canada ; New Zealand ; South Africa.
- Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission: UK and Crown Colonies ; India-, Australia ; Canada ; New Zealand ; South Africa.
- Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone : 264,443. Royal Navy ; British Army ; Royal Air Force.
- Wounded: UK and Crown Colonies ; India-, Australia ; Canada ; New Zealand ; South Africa.
- Prisoner of war: UK and Crown Colonies ; India- ; Australia ; South Africa ; Canada ; New Zealand.
- The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.
; U.S.
- Battle deaths were 293,121: Army 234,874 ; Navy/Coast Guard 38,257; Marine Corps 19,990.
- According to the US Department of Defense, of the 407,300, about 250,000 died in the European theater, the rest died on the Pacific Front.
- During World War II, 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war.
- During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action. During World War II, 26,000 Japanese-Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action.
Commonwealth military casualtiesThe Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014–2015 is the source of the military dead for the British Empire. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947.
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