Woodland kingfisher


The woodland kingfisher is a tree kingfisher that is widely distributed in Africa south of the Sahara.

Taxonomy

The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus included the woodland kingfisher with the binomial name Alcedo senegalensis in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae which was published in 1766. Linnaeus based his formal description on "Le Grand Martin-Pescher du Sénégal" that the French naturalist Mathurin Jacques Brisson had described and illustrated in 1760. The current genus Halcyon was introduced by the English naturalist and artist William Swainson in 1821, with the woodland kingfisher as the type species.
Three subspecies are recognised:H. s. fuscopileus Reichenow, 1906 – Sierra Leone to south Nigeria and south to DR Congo and north AngolaH. s. senegalensis – Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia and north TanzaniaH. s. cyanoleuca – south Angola and west Tanzania to South Africa

Description

This is a medium-sized kingfisher, in length. The adult has a bright blue back, wing panel and tail. Its head, neck and underparts are white, and its shoulders are black. The flight of the woodland kingfisher is rapid and direct. The large bill has a red upper mandible and black lower mandible. The legs and feet are dark grey. Some birds may have greyish heads, causing confusion with mangrove kingfisher.
However, the lores are dark, creating a dark stripe through the eye, and the underwing, primaries and secondaries are black with white underwing coverts. The inner webs of the base of the flight feathers are white, creating an indistinct white wingbar. The breast is white. The sexes are similar, but juveniles are duller than adults and have a brown bill.
The call of this noisy kingfisher is a loud trill sounding like a nail run down the teeth of a comb.

Distribution and habitat

The woodland kingfisher is widely distributed in tropical Africa south of the Sahara and from Pretoria northwards. This kingfisher is essentially resident within 8° of the equator, but northern and southern populations are migratory, moving into the equatorial zone in the dry season.
It is a common species of a variety of wooded habitats with some trees, especially Acacias, including around human habitation. Although it is a "kingfisher", it prefers drier habitats in more traditional woodland and can be far from water. It is often solitary but can occur in small groups.

Behaviour

The woodland kingfisher is aggressively territorial, attacking intruders including humans. It has a striking display in which the wings are spread to show the white linings.

Breeding

The nest is a tree hole excavated by a woodpecker or barbet. A single clutch of three round white eggs is typical. The young are cared for by both parents for up to five weeks after leaving the nest. Woodland Kingfisher breeding in the Transvaal takes place from November until March, peaking in December and January.

Feeding

It hunts from an exposed perch, often on a dead branch of a tree, or perches quietly in semi-shade while seeking food.

Interspecific relationships

The medium-sized, electric-blue-backed kingfisher distribution overlaps almost everywhere with the Brown-hooded Kingfisher H. albiventris, and they frequently occur alongside each other. Although it is similar to the Mangrove Kingfisher in appearance, the two are largely allopatric, use different habitats and differ in diet.