Witotoan languages
Witotoan is a small language family of southeastern Colombia and the neighbouring region of Peru.
Genetic relations
Aschmann proposed that the Boran and Witotoan language families were related, in a Bora–Witoto stock. Echeverri & Seifart refute the connection.Language contact
Jolkesky notes that there are lexical similarities with the Pijao, Yaruro, Arawak, Bora-Muinane, Choko, and Tukano language families due to contact. Some of this contact had occurred due to the expansion of Witotoan speakers down the Putumayo River.Family division
The classification above is based on Campbell, who follows Richard Aschmann's 1993 classification and reconstruction of proto-Witotoan.Nonuya is nearly extinct, but attempts are being made at revival.
The following extinct languages are unclassified within Witotoan:
Kaufman adds Andoque.
Synonymy note:
- The name Muiname has been used to refer to the Muinane language of the Boran family and also to the Nipode language of the Huitotoan family.
- The names Koto, Coto, and Orejón have been used to refer to the Koihoma language and also to the unrelated Orejón language of the Tucanoan language family.
Mason (1950)
- Witotoan
- *Witoto
- **Kaime
- **Xúra
- **Séueni
- **Jayruya
- **Mekka: Yaboyano
- **Menekka
- **Búe
- **Ifikuene-Caimito
- *Miranyan, Boran
- **Miranya-Carapana-Tapuyo
- **Nonuya
- **Ocaina-Muenane
- **Ocaina ; Fitita
- **Muenane
- *Southeastern
- **Orejón
- **Coeruna
- *Andoke
- **North: Araracuara
- **South
- *Resigero
Vocabulary
| gloss | Northern Uitoto | Central Uitoto | Southern Uitoto | Caimito | Hairúya | Orejone/Koihoma | Ocaina | Nonuya | Andoquero | Coeruna | Nüpode Huitoto / Nɨpóde |
| one | dane | daxe | dákede | dáhe | tiamaːma | daːʔamü | tsätsaːma | ||||
| two | mena | nemaxe | ménade | ménahe | mamatiáma | mũynahāmă / harāma | inaːma | ||||
| three | daxéámani | maní | daheámani | dáheámani | taüuefuóro | tsahiːnwá | |||||
| head | i-fogo | i-foke | ö-foge | ex-fóge | huha | opórin | o-phühõehe | gö-hókö | ko-pia | ||
| eye | uizi | uise | óise | uise | oi | oxuöd | o-wtsʔá | ge-usö | koya-asá | ||
| tooth | i-sido | i-sidoʔo | i-sído | ix-síde | a-tídyo | atítyo | o-tihido | ge-sühi | ku-irí | ítie | |
| man | nokae | ima | öima | komuinä | yiza | komä | oːe | thimáe | üaimé | ||
| water | hainoy | xinuy | hainoé | hánenoi | änoe | ñióxi | nohowi | nóhwi | nüho | ||
| fire | boʔodöno | raike | raike | réke | räkö | táro | thítseho | äitha | |||
| maize | becha | pechato | pedzyato | pechato | kobé | kobéto | |||||
| jaguar | kiko | xiko | hökö | hirásitä | hituidé | hüko | hoʔoko | ökó | öighó | ||
| house | xofoe | fofo | hofo | hofo | hofo | huaho | póho | woːhoː | hó | náisa | hopo |