Wallaby


A wallaby is a small or middle-sized macropod native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in New Zealand, Hawaii, the United Kingdom and other countries. They belong to the same taxonomic family as kangaroos and sometimes the same genus, but kangaroos are specifically categorised into the four largest species of the family. The term "wallaby" is an informal designation generally used for any macropod that is smaller than a kangaroo or a wallaroo that has not been designated otherwise.
There are nine species of the brush wallaby. Their head and body length is and the tail is long. The 19 known species of rock-wallabies live among rocks, usually near water; two species in this genus are endangered. The two living species of hare-wallabies are small animals that have the movements and some of the habits of hares. The three species of nail-tail wallabies have one notable feature: a horny spur at the tip of the tail; its function is unknown. The seven species of pademelons or scrub wallabies of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Tasmania are small and stocky, with short hind limbs and pointed noses. The swamp wallaby is the only species in its genus.
Another wallaby that is monotypic is the quokka or short-tailed scrub wallaby ; this species is restricted to two offshore islands of Western Australia which are free of introduced predators. The seven species of dorcopsises or forest wallabies and Dorcopsulus ) are all native to the island of New Guinea.
One of the brush wallaby species, the dwarf wallaby, also native to New Guinea, is the smallest known wallaby species and one of the smallest known macropods. Its length is about from the nose to the end of the tail, and it weighs about.
Wallabies are hunted for meat and fur.

Etymology and terminology

The name wallaby comes from Dharug walabi or waliba. Another early name for the wallaby, in use from at least 1802, was the brush-kangaroo.
Young wallabies are referred to as "joeys", like many other marsupials. Adult male wallabies are referred to as "bucks", "boomers", or "jacks". Adult female wallabies are referred to as "does", "flyers", or "jills". A group of wallabies is called a "mob", "court", or "troupe". Scrub-dwelling and forest-dwelling wallabies are known as "pademelons" and "dorcopsises", respectively.

General description

Although members of most wallaby species are small, some can grow up to approximately two metres in length. Their powerful hind legs are used not only for bounding at high speeds and jumping great heights, but also to administer vigorous kicks to fend off potential predators. The tammar wallaby has elastic storage in the ankle extensor tendons, without which the animal's metabolic rate might be 30–50% greater. It has also been found that the design of spring-like tendon energy savings and economical muscle force generation is key for the two distal muscle–tendon units of the tammar wallaby. Wallabies also have a powerful tail that is used mostly for balance and support.

Diet

Wallabies are herbivores whose diet consists of a wide range of grasses, vegetables, leaves and other foliage. Due to recent urbanization, many wallabies feed in rural and urban areas. Wallabies cover vast distances for food and water, which is often scarce in their environment. Mobs of wallabies often congregate around the same water hole during the dry season.

Threats

Wallabies face several threats. Dingoes, domestic and feral dogs, feral cats, and red foxes are among their predators. Humans also pose a significant threat to wallabies due to increased interaction. Many wallabies have been involved in vehicular accidents, as they often feed near roads and urban areas.

Classification

Wallabies are not a distinct genetic group. Nevertheless, they fall into several broad categories. Brush wallabies of the genus Notamacropus, like the agile wallaby and the red-necked wallaby, are most closely related to the kangaroos and wallaroos and, aside from their size, look very similar. These are the ones most frequently seen, particularly in the southern states.
Image:Wallaby joey face in pouch.jpg|thumb|A red-necked wallaby joey in a pouch
Rock-wallabies, rather like the goats of the Northern Hemisphere, specialise in rugged terrain and have modified feet adapted to grip rock with skin friction rather than dig into soil with large claws. There are at least 19 species and the relationship between several of them is still poorly understood. Several species are endangered. Captive rock-wallaby breeding programs, like the one at Healesville Sanctuary, have had some success and a small number have recently been released into the wild.
The banded hare-wallaby is thought to be the last remaining member of the once numerous subfamily Sthenurinae, and although once common across southern Australia, it is restricted to two islands off the Western Australian coast which are free of introduced predators. It is not as closely related to the other hare-wallabies as the hare-wallabies are to the other wallabies.
New Guinea, which was, until fairly recent geological times, part of mainland Australia, has at least five species of wallabies.

Natural range and habitat

Wallabies are widely distributed across Australia, particularly in more remote, heavily timbered, or rugged areas, less so on the great semi-arid plains that are better suited to the larger, leaner, and more fleet-footed kangaroos. They also can be found on the island of New Guinea.

Introduced populations

Wallabies of several species have been introduced to other parts of the world, and there are a number of successfully breeding introduced populations, including:
  • Kawau Island in New Zealand is home to large numbers of tammar, parma, swamp and brush-tailed rock-wallabies from introductions made around 1870. They are considered pests on the island, but a programme to translocate them to Australia has met with only limited success.
  • The Lake Tarawera area of New Zealand has a large tammar wallaby population.
  • The South Canterbury district of New Zealand has a large population of red-necked wallabies.
  • On the Isle of Man in the Ballaugh Curraghs area, there is a population of ared-necked wallabies, descended from a pair that escaped from the nearby Curraghs Wildlife Park in 1970. Their numbers have increased to be in excess of 1000 animals.
  • Hawaii has a small non-native population of wallabies in the upper regions of Kalihi Valley on the island of Oahu. arising from an escape of zoo specimens of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby in 1916.
  • In the Peak District of England, a population was established around 1940 by five escapees from a local zoo: as of September 2017 sightings were still being made in the area. At its peak in 1975, the population numbered around 60 individuals.
  • The island of Inchconnachan in Loch Lomond, Scotland, has a population of around 28 red-necked wallabies introduced by Lady Colquhoun in the 1920s. Eradication to protect the native capercaillie has been proposed.
  • There is a small population on Lambay Island off the eastern coast of Ireland. Initially introduced in the 1950s and 1960s, more were introduced in the 1980s after a sudden population explosion at Dublin Zoo.
  • Populations in the United Kingdom that, for some periods, bred successfully included one near Teignmouth, Devon; in the Ashdown Forest.in East Sussex; Cornwall; and on the islands of Bute and Lundy.
  • In France, in the southern part of the Forest of Rambouillet, about west of Paris, there is a wild group of around 30 red-necked wallabies. This population has been present since the 1970s, when some individuals escaped from the zoological park of Émancé after a storm.

    Species

The term "wallaby" is not well defined and can mean any macropod of moderate or small size. Therefore, the listing below is arbitrary and taken from the complete list of macropods.
Genus Notamacropus
Genus Wallabia
Genus Petrogale
Genus Lagostrophus
Genus Lagorchestes
Genus Onychogalea
Genus Dorcopsis
Genus Dorcopsulus
Genus Thylogale
Genus Setonix
  • Quokka or short-tailed scrub wallaby