Varna culture
The Varna culture was a Chalcolithic culture of northeastern Bulgaria, dated, contemporary and closely related with the Gumelnița culture. The oldest golden artifacts in the world were found in the Necropolis of Varna. These artefacts are on display in the Varna Archaeological Museum.
The site was accidentally discovered in October 1972 by excavator operator Raycho Marinov. Research excavation was under the direction of Mihail Lazarov and Ivan Ivanov. About 30% of the estimated necropolis area is still not excavated.
The Varna culture is characterized by polychrome pottery and rich cemeteries, the most famous of which are Varna Necropolis, the eponymous site, and the Durankulak lake complex, which comprises the largest prehistoric cemetery in southeastern Europe, with an adjoining coeval Neolithic settlement and an unpublished and incompletely excavated Chalcolithic settlement. 294 graves have been found in the Varna necropolis, many containing sophisticated examples of the oldest gold metallurgy in the world, copper metallurgy, pottery, high-quality flint and obsidian blades, beads, and shells.
The oldest gold jewelry in the world found in the necropolis is dated 4650-4450 BC.
The findings showed that the Varna culture had trade relations with distant lands, possibly including the lower Volga region and the Cyclades, perhaps exporting metal goods and salt from the Solnitsata rock salt mine. The copper ore used in Varna artifacts originated from the Sredna Gora mine near Stara Zagora, and Mediterranean spondylus shells found in the graves may have served as primitive currency.
An analysis of wear traces on carnelian and agate beads crafted by the Varna culture found evidence for the use of "some sort of fast or lap wheel" in their production.