Variadic function


In mathematics and in computer programming, a variadic function is a function of indefinite arity, i.e., one which accepts a variable number of arguments. Support for variadic functions differs widely among programming languages.
The term variadic is a neologism, dating back to 1936/1937. The term was not widely used until the 1970s.

Overview

There are many mathematical and logical operations that come across naturally as variadic functions. For instance, the summing of numbers or the concatenation of strings or other sequences are operations that can be thought of as applicable to any number of operands.
Another operation that has been implemented as a variadic function in many languages is output formatting. The C function [printf|] and the Common Lisp function [Format (Common Lisp)|] are two such examples. Both take one argument that specifies the formatting of the output, and any number of arguments that provide the values to be formatted.
Variadic functions can expose type-safety problems in some languages. For instance, C's, if used incautiously, can give rise to a class of security holes known as format string attacks. The attack is possible because the language support for variadic functions is not type-safe: it permits the function to attempt to pop more arguments off the stack than were placed there, corrupting the stack and leading to unexpected behavior. As a consequence of this, the CERT Coordination Center considers variadic functions in C to be a high-severity security risk.
In functional programming languages, variadics can be considered complementary to the apply function, which takes a function and a list/sequence/array as arguments, and calls the function with the arguments supplied in that list, thus passing a variable number of arguments to the function. In the functional language Haskell, variadic functions can be implemented by returning a value of a type class ; if instances of are a final return value and a function, this allows for any number of additional arguments.
A related subject in term rewriting research is called hedges, or hedge variables. Unlike variadics, which are functions with arguments, hedges are sequences of arguments themselves. They also can have constraints to the point where they are not variable-length - thus calling them variadics can be misleading. However they are referring to the same phenomenon, and sometimes the phrasing is mixed, resulting in names such as variadic variable. Note the double meaning of the word variable and the difference between arguments and variables in functional programming and term rewriting. For example, a term can have three variables, one of them a hedge, thus allowing the term to take three or more arguments.

Examples

In C

To portably implement variadic functions in the C language, the standard [stdarg.h|] header file is used. The older [varargs.h|] header has been deprecated in favor of. In C++, the header file is used.

  1. include
  2. include
double average
int main

This will compute the average of an arbitrary number of arguments. Note that the function does not know the number of arguments or their types. The above function expects that the types will be, and that the number of arguments is passed in the first argument. In some other cases, for example printf, the number and types of arguments are figured out from a format string. In both cases, this depends on the programmer to supply the correct information. If fewer arguments are passed in than the function believes, or the types of arguments are incorrect, this could cause it to read into invalid areas of memory and can lead to vulnerabilities like the format string attack. Depending on the system, even using as a sentinel may encounter such problems; or a dedicated null pointer of the correct target type may be used to avoid them.
declares a type,, and defines four macros: [va start|], [va arg|], [va copy|], and [va end|]. Each invocation of and must be matched by a corresponding invocation of. When working with variable arguments, a function normally declares a variable of type that will be manipulated by the macros.
  1. takes two arguments, a object and a reference to the function's last parameter. In C23, the second argument will no longer be required and variadic functions will no longer need a named parameter before the ellipsis. It initialises the object for use by or. The compiler will normally issue a warning if the reference is incorrect, but will not prevent compilation from completing normally.
  2. takes two arguments, a object and a type descriptor. It expands to the next variable argument, and has the specified type. Successive invocations of allow processing each of the variable arguments in turn. Unspecified behavior occurs if the type is incorrect or there is no next variable argument.
  3. takes one argument, a object. It serves to clean up. If one wanted to, for instance, scan the variable arguments more than once, the programmer would re-initialise your object by invoking and then again on it.
  4. takes two arguments, both of them objects. It clones the second into the first. Going back to the "scan the variable arguments more than once" example, this could be achieved by invoking on a first, then using to clone it into a second. After scanning the variable arguments a first time with and the first, the programmer could scan the variable arguments a second time with and the second. needs to also be called on the cloned before the containing function returns.

In C#

C# describes variadic functions using the keyword. A type must be provided for the arguments, although can be used as a catch-all. At the calling site, you can either list the arguments one by one, or hand over a pre-existing array having the required element type. Using the variadic form is Syntactic sugar for the latter.

using System;
class Program

In C++

The basic variadic facility in C++ is largely identical to that in C. Prior to C++26, the comma before the ellipsis could be omitted. C++ allows variadic functions without named parameters but provides no way to access those arguments since va_start requires the name of the last fixed argument of the function.

import std;
// before C++26, my_printf was legal
void my_printf
int main

Variadic templates can also be used in C++ with language built-in fold expressions.

import std;
template
void fooPrint
int main

The CERT Coding Standards for C++ strongly prefers the use of variadic templates in C++ over the C-style variadic function due to a lower risk of misuse. Variadic templates are the only way to achieve Java-style type-safe variadic parameters.

In Fortran

Since the Fortran 90 revision, Fortran functions or subroutines can accept optional arguments: the argument list is still fixed, but the ones that have the attribute can be omitted in the function/subroutine call. The intrinsic function can be used to detect the presence of an optional argument. The optional arguments can appear anywhere in the argument list.
program test
implicit none
real :: x

!> all arguments are passed:
call foo
!< outputs 1 \ 2 \ 3.0 \ 4 \ 6.0

!> the last 2 arguments are omitted:
call foo
!< outputs 1 \ 2 \ 3.0

!> the 2nd and 4th arguments are omitted: the arguments that are positioned after
!> an omitted argument must be passed with a keyword:
call foo
!< outputs 1 \ 3.0 \ 6.0

!> alternatively, the Fortran 2023 revision has introduced the.NIL. pseudo constant
!> to denote an omitted argument
call foo
!< outputs 1 \ 3.0 \ 6.0
contains
!> the subroutine foo has 2 mandatory and 3 optional arguments
subroutine foo
integer, intent :: a
integer, intent, optional :: b
real, intent :: c
integer, intent, optional :: d
real, intent, optional :: e

print*, a
if print*, b
print*, c
if print*, d
if then
e = 2*c
print*, c
end if
end subroutine
end program

In Go

Variadic functions in Go can be called with any number of trailing arguments. is a common variadic function; it uses an empty interface as a catch-all type.

package main
import "fmt"
// This variadic function takes an arbitrary number of ints as arguments.
func sum
func main

Output:

The sum of is 3 
The sum of is 6 
The sum of is 10

In Java

As with C#, the type in Java is available as a catch-all.
In Java, a parameter can be variadic using the ellipsis notation. This is essentially equivalent to an array, however it does not require wrapping as an array. For example, String... args and String args would be essentially identical.

public class Program

In JavaScript

JavaScript does not care about types of variadic arguments.

function sum
console.log; // 6
console.log; // 5
console.log); // 0

It's also possible to create a variadic function using the arguments object, although it is only usable with functions created with the keyword.

function sum
console.log; // 6
console.log; // 5
console.log); // 0

In Lua">Lua (programming language)">Lua

Lua functions may pass varargs to other functions the same way as other values using the keyword. tables can be passed into variadic functions by using, in Lua version 5.2 or higher, or Lua 5.1 or lower. Varargs can be used as a table by constructing a table with the vararg as a value.
function sum --... designates varargs
local sum=0
for _,v in pairs do --creating a table with a varargs is the same as creating one with standard values
sum=sum+v
end
return sum
end
values=
sum --returns 15. table.unpack should go after any other arguments, otherwise not all values will be passed into the function.
function add5
return...+5 --this is incorrect usage of varargs, and will only return the first value provided
end
entries=
function process_entries
local processed=
for i,v in pairs do
processed=v --placeholder processing code
end
return table.unpack --returns all entries in a way that can be used as a vararg
end
print) --the print function takes all varargs and writes them to stdout separated by newlines

In Pascal

Pascal is standardized by ISO standards 7185 and 10206.
Neither standardized form of Pascal supports variadic routines, except for certain built-in routines.
Nonetheless, dialects of Pascal implement mechanisms resembling variadic routines.
Delphi defines an data type that may be associated with the last formal parameter.
Within the routine definition the is an, an array of variant records.
The member of the aforementioned data type allows inspection of the argument’s data type and subsequent appropriate handling.
The Free Pascal Compiler supports Delphi’s variadic routines, too.
This implementation, however, technically requires a single argument, that is an.
Pascal imposes the restriction that arrays need to be homogenous.
This requirement is circumvented by utilizing a variant record.
The GNU Pascal defines a real variadic formal parameter specification using an ellipsis, but as of 2022 no portable mechanism to use such has been defined.
Both GNU Pascal and FreePascal allow externally declared functions to use a variadic formal parameter specification using an ellipsis.

In PHP

PHP does not care about types of variadic arguments unless the argument is typed.

function sum: int
echo sum; // 6

And typed variadic arguments:

function sum: int
echo sum; // TypeError: Argument 2 passed to sum must be of the type int

In Python

Python does not care about types of variadic arguments.

from typing import Any
def foo -> None:
print # args is a tuple.
if __name__ "__main__":
foo #
foo #
foo #

Keyword arguments can be stored in a dictionary.

def bar -> Any:
# function body

In Raku

In Raku, the type of parameters that create variadic functions are known as slurpy array parameters and they're classified into three groups:

Flattened slurpy

These parameters are declared with a single asterisk and they flatten arguments by dissolving one or more layers of elements that can be iterated over.

sub foo
foo #
foo #
foo #
foo; #

Unflattened slurpy

These parameters are declared with two asterisks and they do not flatten any iterable arguments within the list, but keep the arguments more or less as-is:

sub bar
bar; #
bar; #
bar; #
bar; #, 6

Contextual slurpy

These parameters are declared with [a plus sign and they apply the "", which decides how to handle the slurpy argument based upon context. Simply put, if only a single argument is passed and that argument is iterable, that argument is used to fill the slurpy parameter array. In any other case, +@ works like **@.

sub zaz
zaz; #
zaz; #
zaz; #
zaz; #, single argument fills up array
zaz; #, RubyRuby does not care about types of variadic arguments.

def foo
print args
end
foo
  1. prints `=> nil`
foo
  1. prints `=> nil`

In Rust

Rust does not support variadic arguments in functions. Instead, it uses macros, which support variadic arguments. This is essentially why println! is a macro and not a function, as it takes variadic arguments to format.

macro_rules! calculate
fn main

Rust is able to interact with C's variadic system via a [feature switch">Ruby (programming language)">RubyRuby does not care about types of variadic arguments.

def foo
print args
end
foo
  1. prints `=> nil`
foo
  1. prints `=> nil`

In Rust

Rust does not support variadic arguments in functions. Instead, it uses macros, which support variadic arguments. This is essentially why println! is a macro and not a function, as it takes variadic arguments to format.

macro_rules! calculate
fn main

Rust is able to interact with C's variadic system via a [feature switch. As with other C interfaces, the system is considered to Rust.

In Scala


object Program

In Swift

Swift cares about the type of variadic arguments, but the catch-all type is available.

func greet
greet
// Output:
// Looks like we have 4 people
// Hello Joseph, good morning
// Hello Clara, good morning
// Hello William, good morning
// Hello Maria, good morning

In Tcl

A Tcl procedure or lambda is variadic when its last argument is : this will contain a list of all the remaining arguments. This pattern is common in many other procedure-like methods.

proc greet
greet "morning" "Joseph" "Clara" "William" "Maria"
  1. Output:
  2. Looks like we have 4 people
  3. Hello Joseph, good morning
  4. Hello Clara, good morning
  5. Hello William, good morning
  6. Hello Maria, good morning