Mwotlap language


Mwotlap is an Oceanic language spoken by about 2,100 people in Vanuatu. The majority of speakers are found on the island of Motalava in the Banks Islands, with smaller communities in the islands of Ra and Vanua Lava, as well as migrant groups in the two main cities of the country, Santo and Port Vila.
Mwotlap was first described in any detail in 2001, by the linguist Alexandre François.
Volow, which used to be spoken on the same island, may be considered a dialect or a separate language.

The language

Name

The Mwotlap language is named after the island of Motalava, which is locally known as Mwotlap.

Geographic distribution

Mwotlap is spoken by about 2,100 people in the Banks Islands, in the North of Vanuatu. Among them, 1,640 live on the island of Mota Lava and its neighbor island, Ra. It is also spoken by a few hundred people living elsewhere in Vanuatu:
Mwotlap belongs to the Torres–Banks linkage within Oceanic languages|Southern Oceanic], one of the subgroups of the Oceanic family, itself part of the larger Austronesian phylum.

History

, an Anglican priest who studied Melanesian societies, first described Mwotlap in 1885. While focusing mainly on Mota, Codrington dedicated twelve pages of his work The Melanesian Languages to the "Motlav" language. Despite being very short, this description can be used to show several changes that occurred in Mwotlap during the 20th century, such as the change of r to y. Furthermore, Codrington described Volow, a language closely related to Mwotlap. Volow, which is extinct today, was spoken in the east of Mota Lava, in the area of Aplow.

Phonology

Because Mwotlap has been passed down by oral tradition, it has no official writing system. This article uses the orthography devised by linguist Alexandre François, based on the Latin alphabet.
Mwotlap contrasts 16 consonant phonemes.
Mwotlap has 7 phonemic vowels, which are all short monophthongs, with no diphthongs being present in the language.

Prosody

Mwotlap is not tonal. Stress always falls on the last syllable of a word. Historically, before syncope of unstressed vowels, it always fell on the penultimate syllable. When syncope took place, the stressed vowel became part of the last syllable.

Morphophonology

Syllables

Mwotlap's syllable structure is V, historically resulting from the syncope of unstressed vowels in pre-modern times. This means that no more than two consonants can follow each other within a word and that no word can start or finish with more than one consonant. Recent loanwords, like skul, are exceptions to this structure.
When a root beginning with two constants forms the beginning of a word, an epenthetic vowel is inserted between the two consonants. For example, the root tron̄ can form the following:
  • me-tron̄ : the consonants and belong to two different syllables;
  • toron̄ : the insertion of a vowel between and is necessary to prevent the syllable from starting with two consecutive consonants.

    Vowel copying

Vowel copying is the tendency of certain prefixes to copy the first vowel of the following word. Notable vowel copying prefixes include the article na-, the locative le-, and te-, a prefix used to form adjectives describing origin. These prefixes form nō-vōy, ni-hiy, and to-M̄otlap, but also na-pnō and na-nye-k. Words stems beginning with two consonants do not permit vowel copying. Thus the stems and allow their vowel to be copied, while the stems and do not.

Syntax

Mwotlap is an SVO language: the word order of a sentence is fixed and is always subject-verb-complement-adverbial.
The system of personal pronouns contrasts clusivity, and distinguishes four numbers. Human nouns also have four numbers; as for non-human nouns, they do not inflect for number and are expressed as singulars.
Spatial reference in Mwotlap is based on a system of geocentric directionals, which is in part typical of Oceanic languages, and in part innovative.
Like most Oceanic languages, Mwotlap creates its non-verbal predicates without resorting to a copula. As a corollary, its grammar is omnipredicative, i.e. most of its word classes are directly predicative.

Main references

  • François, Alexandre, . PhD dissertation, Université Paris-IV Sorbonne. 1078 pp.
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    Other references

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