Utian languages
Utian is a family of Indigenous languages spoken in Northern California, United States. The Miwok and Ohlone peoples both spoke languages of the Utian language family. It has been argued that the Utian languages and Yokuts languages are sub-families of the Yok-Utian language family. Utian and Yokutsan have traditionally been considered part of the Penutian language phylum.
All Utian languages are severely endangered, extinct or revitalizing.
Languages
The Miwok classification below is based on Mithun, while the Ohlone classification below is based primarily on Callaghan. Other classifications of Ohlone list Northern Costanoan, Southern Costanoan, and Karkin as single languages, with the following subgroups of each considered as dialects:- Utian languages
- * Miwok
- ** Eastern Miwok
- *** Plains Miwok
- *** Bay Miwok
- *** Sierra Miwok
- **** Northern Sierra Miwok
- **** Central Sierra Miwok
- **** Southern Sierra Miwok
- ** Western Miwok
- *** Coast Miwok
- *** Lake Miwok
- * Ohlone
- ** Karkin
- ** Northern Costanoan
- *** San Francisco Bay Costanoan
- ****Tamyen
- ****Chochenyo
- ****Ramaytush
- ***Awaswas – There may have been more than one Costanoan language spoken within the proposed Awaswas area, as the small amount of linguistic material attributed to Mission Santa Cruz Costanoans is highly variable.
- ***Chalon – Chalon may be a transitional language between Northern and Southern Costanoan.
- ** Southern Costanoan
- *** Mutsun
- *** Rumsen