Unktaheela
Unktaheela is an extinct genus of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous Sharon Springs Formation of the United States. The genus contains a single species, U. , known from two skulls and partial skeletons. Unktaheela represents the smallest known polycotylid.
Discovery and naming
The Unktaheela fossil material was discovered in sediments of the Sharon Springs Formation in the United States. The holotype specimen, University of Colorado [Museum of Natural History|UCM] 35059, was found near Redbird in Niobrara County, Wyoming, and it consists of a skull with mandible and a nearly complete series of cervical, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, a partial series of dorsal vertebrae, partial pectoral and pelvic girdles, and elements of all the paddle limbs.The paratype specimen, South Dakota [School of Mines and Technology#Museum of Geology|SDSM] 142501, was found on the Thomas Conger Ranch near Buffalo Gap, [South Dakota|Buffalo Gap] in Fall River County, South Dakota. It consists of a complete skull, broken mandible, and five fragmentary remains of the postcrania that remain unidentified. An isolated but complete metacarpal IV of the pterosaur Pteranodon longiceps was also found in this locality.
In 1996, Kenneth Carpenter described specimen UCM 35059 as belonging to a juvenile individual of the related Dolichorhynchops osborni.
In 2023, Robert O. Clark, F. Robin O'Keefe, and Sara E. Slack described Unktaheela specta as a new genus and species of polycotylid based on these fossil remains. The generic name, "Unktaheela", references Unhcegila, a legendary Lakota horned water serpent known for its keen eyes. The specific name "specta" is derived from the Latin word "spectare", meaning "to see," in reference to the hypothesized visual adaptations and morphology of the orbital.
Description
Unktaheela was a very small polycotylid that, when mature, had some characteristics that might be expected of ontogenetically young individuals. The holotype skull is long, and the paratype skull is long. These lengths are smaller than any other known mature polycotylid skull, and are comparable to the size of juvenile skulls of Dolichorhynchops and Mauriciosaurus. Unktaheela was approximately long. Adult individuals of other small polycotylids such as Dolichorhynchops and Scalamagnus were closer to in length. The skull of Unktaheela has unusually large orbits, a feature commonly associated with juvenile animals. However, many anatomical characteristics of the known specimens indicate that they belonged to fully grown individuals. For example, many bones are fused in the specimens that are typically unfused in juvenile plesiosaurs.The humeri are wide, as opposed to the narrow form seen in juveniles. Unktaheela had at least 26 maxillary teeth. In comparison, adult individuals of Dolichorhynchops had at least 22, while juveniles have 13–14.