Turkish copula

The Turkish copula is one of the more distinct features of Turkish grammar. In Turkish, copulas are called ek-eylem or ek-fiil . Turkish is a highly agglutinative language and copulas are rendered as suffixes, albeit with a few exceptions.

Zero copula

Zero copula is the rule for third person, as in Hungarian and Russian. That means two nouns, or a noun and an adjective can be juxtaposed to make a sentence without using any copula. Third-person plural might be indicated with the use of plural suffix -lar/-ler.

Turkish "to be" as regular/auxiliary verb and "to be" as copula contrasts.
The auxiliary verb imek shows its existence only through suffixes to predicates that can be nouns, adjectives or arguably conjugated verb stems, arguably being the only irregular verb in Turkish.
The missing forms of i- are supplied by ol-: the infinitive olmak is an example, since there is no infinitive *imek. An infinitive ermek appeared in ancient texts; its stem er- became the current i-.
The word idir, a variation of imek indicates alethic modality, so is used for emphasis, or to prevent ambiguity. İdir is an enclitic word, and exhibits vowel harmony when used as a suffix. Therefore Ali asker idir turns into Ali askerdir. In examples, emphasised word is written bold:

Negation is indicated by the negative copula değil. Değil is never used as a suffix, but it takes suffixes according to context.

A complete sentence is formed by the addition of a suffix to a noun or adjective as an instance of nonverbal person agreement, with the conjugate verb "imek" only implied. These suffixes are, in origin, personal pronouns and indicate grammatical person.

Alethic past tense is indicated with idi, another variation of imek. It is enclitic and exhibits vowel harmony like idir.

The inferential past tense is indicated with imiş. It is enclitic and exhibits vowel harmony like idir.

Conditional mood is indicated with ise. It is enclitic and exhibits vowel harmony like idir.