Travelogues of Palestine

Travelogues of Palestine are the written descriptions of the region of Palestine by travellers, particularly prior to the 20th century. The works are important sources in the study of the history of Palestine and of Israel.
Surveys of the geographical literature on Palestine were published by Edward Robinson in 1841, Titus Tobler in 1867 and subsequently by Reinhold Röhricht in 1890. Röhricht catalogued 177 works between 333 and 1300 CE, 19 works in the 14th century, 279 works in the 15th century, 333 works in the 16th century, 390 works in the 17th century, 318 works in the 18th century and 1,915 works in the 19th century. Important early works include the early Christian pilgrim accounts Itinerarium Burdigalense, Itinerarium Egeriae and Itinerarium Placentinum. Notable Islamic works include the 11th century Safarnama of Nasir Khusraw, the 14th century Travels of Ibn Battuta, and the 17th century Seyahatnâme by Evliya Çelebi. Notable Jewish works include the itineraries of Benjamin of Tudela and Petachiah of Regensburg.
The number of published travelogues proliferated during the 19th century, and these travelers' impressions of 19th-century Palestine have been often quoted in the history and historiography of the region, although their accuracy and impartiality has been called into question in modern times. In total, there are more than 3,000 books and other materials detailing accounts of the journeys of primarily European and North American travelers to Ottoman Palestine. Notable 19th century works include Biblical Researches in Palestine by Edward Robinson, The Land and the Book by William McClure Thomson, and The Historical Geography of the Holy Land by George Adam Smith.

List of pre-20th century travelogues

The below list is ordered chronologically by years of travel, also indicating first publication, and/or edition available online. The list currently includes less than 200 works, out of an estimated 3,500 known works published prior to the 20th century. Bold titles have an existing Wikipedia article.

Date	Author	Title	Language	Editions
333	Anonymous	Itinerarium Burdigalense	Latin
380s	Egeria	Itinerarium Egeriae	Latin
414–449	Eucherius of Lyon	Letter to Faustus	Latin
c. 500	Anonymous	Breviary of Jerusalem	Latin
518–530		De Situ Terrae Sanctae	Latin
c. 530	Hierocles	Synecdemus	Greek
570s	Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza	Itinerarium Placentinum	Latin
698	Arculf	De Locis Sanctis	Latin
778	Willibald		Latin	Vita Willibaldi Episcopi Eichstetensis, Hannover, 1887.
800s	Bernard the Pilgrim	Itinerarium	Latin
980s	al-Maqdisi	Description of Syria including Palestine	Arabic
1047	Nasir Khusraw	Safarnama	Persian	1986.
1102	Sæwulf	Relatio de situ Ierusalem	Latin
1108	Daniel the Traveller	Puteshestvie Igumena Daniila	Russian
1138	Rorgo Fretellus	Descriptio de Locis Sanctis	Latin
1147	John Phokas	Ekphrasis	Greek
1157	Níkulás Bergsson	Leiðarvísir og borgarskipan	Icelandic
1160s	John of Würzburg	Description of the Holy Land	Latin
1170s–1180s	Petachiah of Regensburg	Travels of Rabbi Petachia of Ratisbon	Hebrew
1172	Theoderich	Libellus de locis sanctis	Latin
1173	Benjamin of Tudela	Travels / Itinerary	Hebrew
1187?	Ernoul	Chronicle of Ernoul and Bernard the Treasurer	French
1192	Anonymous	Historia de Profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam	Latin
Early 13th century	Uncertain	Fazienda de Ultramar	Old Spanish
1210	Menachem ben Peretz of Hebron	Travel Account	Hebrew
1211–1212	Wilbrand of Oldenburg	Itinerarium Terrae Sanctae	Latin
1217–1218	Thietmar	Iter ad Sanctam Terram	Latin
1249	Máel Muire Ó Lachtáin	Account lost	Unknown
1274–1284	Burchard of Mount Sion	Descriptio Terrae Sanctae	Latin
1285–1289	Philip of Savona	Travel Account	Unknown
1289	Riccoldo da Monte di Croce	Liber Peregrinationis	Latin
1320s	Symon Semeonis	Itinerarium Symonis Semeonis ab Hybernia ad Terram Sanctam	Latin
1357-71	Unknown	Mandeville's Travels	French
1370s	Agrefeny	Khozhdenie Arkhimandrita Agrefen’ia Obiteli Preosviatye Bogoroditsy	Russian
1384–1385		Viaggio di Lionardo di Niccolò Frescobaldi in Egitto e in Terra Santa	Italian	Published 1821 by Guglielmo Manzi
1420	Nompar of Caumont	Voyaige d'Oultremer en Jhérusalem	French	First published 1858
1432–1433	Bertrandon de la Broquière	The Travels of Bertrandon de la Brocq́uière	French
1458-62	William Wey	The Itineraries of William Wey	Middle English and Latin
1458	Roberto Sanseverino d'Aragona	Viaggio in Terra Santa	Italian
1458	Gabriele Capodilista	Itinerario in Terra Santa	Italian
1480	Santo Brasca	Travel Account	Italian
1480–1483	Felix Fabri	Evagatorium in Terræ Sanctæ, Arabiæ et Egypti peregrinationem	Latin
1483	Bernhard von Breidenbach	Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam	Latin
1483	Paul Walter von Guglingen	Itinerarium in Terram Sanctam et ad Sanctam Catharinam	Latin
1486	Georges Lengherand	Travel Description of Venice, Rome, Jerusalem, Mount Sinai, and Cairo	French
1486	Conrad Grünenberg	Description of a Pilgrimage from Konstanz to Jerusalem	Alemannic German	ed. J. Goldfriedrich & W. Fränzel ; ed. K. Aercke ; ed. A. Denke
1486	Girolamo da Castiglione	Description of a Pilgrimage to the Holy Land	Italian
1486	Anonymous pilgrim from Rennes, possibly Guy de Tourestes of Saintes	Description of a Pilgrimage to the Holy Land and Mount Sinai	French
1480s	Joos van Ghistele	Tvoyage van Mher Joos van Ghistele	Dutch	Published 1577
1586		Il Devotissimo Viaggio di Gierusalemme	Latin
1598	Johannes Cotovicus	Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum et Syriacum	Latin	Latin, 1617; Dutch, 1619
1608	Kryštof Harant	Journey from Bohemia to the Holy Land, by way of Venice and the Sea	Czech
1610	George Sandys	A Relation of a Journey Begun An Dom. 1610	English
1634	Henry Blount	A Voyage into the Levant	English
1639, pp. 597–608. Cf.
c. 1653–1697	Laurent d'Arvieux	Voyage dans la Palestine	French	French, 1717+; English, 1718+; English, 1962
1652	Jean Doubdan	Le Voyage de la Terre Sainte	French	1657; 1661; 1666…
1665	Jean de Thévenot	Relation d’un Voyage Fait au Levant	French
1670s	Evliya Çelebi	Seyahatnâme	Ottoman Turkish
1697	Henry Maundrell	A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter A.D. 1697	English
1700s	Elzear Horn	Ichnographiae Locorum et Monumentorum Veterum Terrae Sanctae, Accurate Delineatae et Descriptae	Latin
1740–1744	George Anson	A voyage round the world, in the years 1740, 41, 42, 43, 44	English
1743	Richard Pococke	A description of the East, and some other countries	English
1743	Jonas Kortens	Reise nach dem Weiland gelobten, nun aber seit Siebenzehn hundert Jahren unter dem Fluche liegenden Lande	German
1744	Anonymous	Travels of Two English Pilgrims	English
1749–1752	Fredrik Hasselquist	Voyages and Travels in the Levant	English
1759	; Johannes Wilhelmus Heyman	Travels through part of Europe, Asia Minor, the islands of the archipelago, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mount Sinai, &c.	English
1783	Sauveur Lusignan	A history of the revolt of Ali Bey, against the Ottoman Porte	English
1783–1785	Constantin-François Chassebœuf	Travels Through Syria and Egypt	English
1786	François Baron de Tott	Memoirs of Baron de Tott	English
1792	Giovanni Mariti	Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a General History of the Levant	English
1792–1798	William George Browne	Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria	English
1799–1800	Francis B. Spilsbury; Edward Orme	Picturesque Scenery in the Holy Land and Syria	English
1799–1801	William Wittman	Travels in Turkey, Asia-Minor, Syria, and across the desert into Egypt	English
1805–1806	Pierre-Amédée Jaubert; Pierre Lapie; Camille Alphonse Trézel	Voyage en Arménie et en Perse: fait dans les années 1805 et 1806	French
1806–1807	François-René de Chateaubriand	Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt, and Barbary During the Years 1806 and 1807	French
1810–1854	Ulrich Jasper Seetzen	Travels in Syria and Palestine	English; German
1813	Edward Daniel Clarke	Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa	English
1814	Henry Light	Travels in Egypt, Nubia, Holy Land, Mount Libanon and Cyprus, in the Year 1814	English
1816–1818	Robert Richardson	Travels Along the Mediterranean and Parts Adjacent... During the Years 1816–17–18	English
1817–1818	William Macmichael	Journey from Moscow to Constantinople: In the Years 1817, 18	English
1817–1818	Charles Leonard Irby; James Mangles	Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria, and Asia Minor; During the Years 1817 & 1818	English
1818–1820	George Francis Lyon	A Narrative of Travels in Northern Africa, in the Years 1818, 19, and 20	English
1820	William Turner	Journal of a Tour in the Levant	English
1820–1821	Johann Martin Augustin Scholz	Travels in the Countries Between Alexandria and Paraetonium... in 1821	English
1821–1825	James Silk Buckingham	Travels in Palestine and Arabia	English
1822	John Lewis Burckhardt	Travels in Syria and the Holy Land	English
1822		Otto Friedrichs von Richter Wallfahrten im Morganlande...	German
1822	Thomas Robert Jolliffe; Andrew Dickson White	Letters from Palestine: Descriptive of a Tour Through Galilee and Judæa... Letters from Egypt	English
1823	Frederick Henniker	Notes, During a Visit to Egypt, Nubia, the Oasis, Mount Sinai, and Jerusalem	English
1823	William Rae Wilson	Travels in Egypt and the Holy Land	English
1824	Josiah Conder	Palestine, Or, the Holy Land	English
1824–1827	Richard Robert Madden	Travels in Turkey, Egypt, Nubia and Palestine in 1824, 1825, 1826 & 1827	English
1825	Barbara Hofland	Alfred Campbell, the Young Pilgrim: Containing Travels in Egypt and the Holy Land	English
1826	John Carne	Letters from the East: Written During a Recent Tour Through Turkey, Egypt, Arabia, the Holy Land, Syria, and Greece	English
1828	Pliny Fisk; Alvan Bond	Memoir of the Rev. Pliny Fisk, A.M.: Late Missionary to Palestine	English
1828	C. B. Walk	A Visit to Jerusalem and the Holy Places Adjacent	English
1830	John Fuller	Narrative of a Tour Through Some Parts of the Turkish Empire	English
1831–1833	Ferdinand de Geramb	Pèlerinage à Jerusalem	French
1834	John Madox	Excursions in the Holy Land, Egypt, Nubia, Syria, &c: Including a Visit to the Unfrequented District of the Haouran	English	,
1835	Vere Monro	A Summer Ramble in Syria, with a Tartar Trip from Aleppo to Stamboul	English
1835	Edward Hogg	Visit to Alexandria, Damascus, and Jerusalem, During the Successful Campaign of Ibrahim Pasha	English
1835–1837	Francis Rawdon Chesney	Narrative of the Euphrates expedition: carried on by order of the British government during the years 1835, 1836, and 1837	English
1836	Thomas Skinner	Adventures During a Journey Overland to India: By Way of Egypt, Syria, and the Holy Land	English
1836	George Jones	Excursions to Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and Balbec...	English
1836	Thomas Hartwell Horne	Landscape Illustrations of the Bible	English
1837	Francis Arundale	Illustrations of Jerusalem and Mount Sinai: Including the Most Interesting Sites Between Grand Cairo and Beirout	English
1837	George Robinson	Travels in Palestine and Syria	English
1837	John Lloyd Stephens	Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land	English
1838	Alphonse de Lamartine	A Pilgrimage to the Holy Land... During a Tour in the East, in 1832–1833	English
1838	Alexander Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford	Letters on Egypt, Edom, and the Holy Land	English
1839	John D. Paxton	Letters on Palestine and Egypt: Written During Two Years' Residence	English
1840	Frances Egerton, Countess of Bridgewater	Journal of a Tour in the Holy Land, in May and June 1840	English
1838 & 1852	Edward Robinson; Eli Smith	Biblical Researches in Palestine	English
1842	George Fisk	A Pastor's Memorial of Egypt... Mount Sinai, Jerusalem... Visited in 1842	English
1842–1849	David Roberts, William Brockedon and George Croly	The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia	English	2 vols. London, 1842; 1849
1843	Ida Laura Pfeiffer	A Visit to the Holy Land, Egypt, and Italy	English
1844	Walter Keating Kelly	Syria and the Holy Land: Their Scenery and Their People	English
1844	J. T. Bannister	Survey of the Holy Land: Its Geography, History, and Destiny	English
1845	Dawson Borrer; Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds	A Journey from Naples to Jerusalem... Including a Trip to the Valley of Fayoum	English
1845	Hester Lucy Stanhope	Memoirs of the Lady Hester Stanhope	English
1847	Henry Stebbing	The Christian in Palestine: Or, Scenes of Sacred History	English
1847	John Wilson	The Lands of the Bible: Visited and Described...	English
1849	Malta Protestant College	Journal of a Deputation... Sent to the East... in 1849	English
1849	William F. Lynch	Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea	English
1850	Yehoseph Schwarz	A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine	English
1850–1851	Louis Félicien de Saulcy	Narrative of a Journey Round the Dead Sea, and in the Bible Lands, in 1850 and 1851	English
1851	Howard Crosby	Lands of the Moslem: A Narrative of Oriental Travel	English
1851	Fred Arthur Neale	Eight Years in Syria, Palestine, and Asia Minor, from 1842 to 1850	English
1853	John Thomas	Travels in Egypt and Palestine	English
1853–1856	James Finn	Consular Chronicles of Jerusalem	English
1853–1867	Titus Tobler	Studies and Bibliography of Palestine	German
1854	Bayard Taylor	The Lands of the Saracen: Pictures of Palestine, Asia Minor, Sicily, and Spain	English
1851–1852	Charles William Meredith van de Velde	Narrative of a Journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852	English
1855	Edward Thomas Rogers	Notices of the Modern Samaritans	English
1856	Joseph Dupuis	The Holy Places: A Narrative of Two Years' Residence in Jerusalem and Palestine	English
1857	William Cowper Prime	Tent Life in the Holy Land	English
1857	Arthur Penrhyn Stanley	Sinai and Palestine: In Connection with Their History	English
1858	Ludwig August von Frankl	Nach Jerusalem!	German
1858	James Lewis Farley	Two Years in Syria	English
1858	Sarah Barclay Johnson	Hadji in Syria: Or, Three Years in Jerusalem	English
1858	James Turner Barclay	The City of the Great King: Or, Jerusalem as It Was, as It Is, and as It Is to Be	English
1858	F. N. Lorenzen	Jerusalem: Beschreibung meiner Reise nach dem heiligen Lande, 1858	German
1859	Henry Stafford Osborn	Palestine, Past and Present: With Biblical, Literary, and Scientific Notices	English
1859	William McClure Thomson	The Land and the Book	English
1860	Edward William Lane	An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians	English
1861	James Bell Forsyth	A Few Months in the East	English
1862	Elizabeth Charles	Wanderings over Bible Lands and Seas	English
1863	William Henry Bartlett	Jerusalem Revisited	English
1864	John Mills	Three Months’ Residence at Nablus and an Account of the Modern Samaritans	English	—
1865	Henry Baker Tristram	The Land of Israel: A Journal of Travel in Palestine	English
1866	Carl Ritter	The Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula	English
1867	Mark Twain	The Innocents Abroad	English	1869
1867–1868	Josias Leslie Porter	Travels and Handbooks	English
1868	William Hepworth Dixon	The Holy Land	English
1868	Alexander Wallace	The Desert and the Holy Land	English
1868	Victor Guérin	Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine. Judée	French
1868	Adolf Neubauer	La géographie du Talmud	French
1869	John MacGregor	The Rob Roy on the Jordan	English
1872–1880s	Claude Reignier Conder; Horatio Herbert Kitchener; Edward Henry Palmer	PEF Survey of Palestine	English	—
1873	Henry Harris Jessup	The Women of the Arabs	English	New York: Dodd and Mead
1875	Isabel Burton	The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land	English
1879–1882	Prince Albert Victor; George V	The Cruise of Her Majesty's Ship Bacchante	English
1881	Selah Merrill	East of the Jordan	English	—
1881–1887	Laurence Oliphant	Travels in Transjordan and Palestine	English
1889	Gottlieb Schumacher; Laurence Oliphant; Guy Le Strange	Across the Jordan	English
1893	Laura Valentine	Palestine Past and Present, Pictorial and Descriptive	English	—
1894	George Adam Smith	The Historical Geography of the Holy Land	English	—
1894	Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé	Syrie, Palestine, Mont Athos	French
1896	Vital Cuinet	Syrie, Liban et Palestine	French
1894–1896	Pickthall, Marmaduke William	Oriental Encounters: Palestine and Syria, 1894–6	English

20th century

Ottoman period

Baldensperger, P. J. : , Boston
Curtis, William Eleroy : . Fleming H. Revell Company, 1903.
Grant, Elihu : ' archive.org
Inchbold, A C : Under the Syrian sun: The Lebanon, Baalbek, Galilee, and Judaea. With 40 full-page coloured plates and 8 black-and-white drawings by Stanley Inchbold Published by Hutchinson
Kelman, John, John Fulleylove : ' Illustrated by John Fulleylove, Published by A. & C. Black, 301 pages
May, Karl Friedrich, 1842–1912, : ''''

British period

Livingstone, William Pringle : A Galilee Doctor: Being a Sketch of the Career of Dr. D.W. Torrance of Tiberias, Published by Hodder and Stoughton, 295 pages
Ludwig Preiss, Paul Rohrbach : Palestine and Transjordania Published by Macmillan, 230 pages