Trans-Mongolian Railway
The Trans-Mongolian Railway connects Ulan-Ude on the Trans-Siberian Railway in Buryatia, Russia, with Ulanchab in Inner Mongolia, China, via Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It was completed in 1956, and runs from northwest to southeast with major stations at Naushki/Sükhbaatar on the Russian border, Darkhan, Züünkharaa, Choir, Sainshand, and Zamyn-Üüd/Erenhot on the Chinese border, where the railway changes from single-track to double-track and its gauge changes from 1,520 mm gauge railways|Russian gauge] to 1,435 mm standard gauge. The railway also has important branch lines to Erdenet and Baganuur.
History
Railway development came late to Mongolia. In 1937, a line was built from Ulan-Ude in the Soviet Union to Naushki on the border with Mongolia. In 1939, a paved road was extended to Ulaanbaatar, the country's capital. Construction of a rail line from Naushki to Ulaanbaatar was delayed by World War II, and completed in November 1949. The Soviet Union, Mongolia, and the People's Republic of China agreed to extend the line from Ulaanbaatar to the Chinese border. In Mongolia, the railway was built by the Soviet 505th Penal Unit, made up of soldiers mainly imprisoned for surrendering during the war. The railway was opened by Inner Mongolian leader Ulanhu on 1 January 1956.In 1958, the railway switched to diesel engines and automated switching. Branches were built to the coal mines at Sharyngol in 1963 and at Baganuur in 1982, the copper mine at Erdenet in 1975, the fluorspar mine at Bor-Öndör in 1987, and the oil refinery at Züünbayan. Modernization in the 1990s replaced some old Soviet-made locomotives with more powerful American models, and installed fiber-optic trackside cables for communications and signaling. In 2022, lines opened linking the branch at Züünbayan with Khangi on the Chinese border, and the coal mines at Tavan Tolgoi with Gashuun Sukhait on the border. A new line linking Züünbayan with Tavan Tolgoi is under construction.
Operation
The of the railway in Mongolia are managed by UBTZ, a 50/50 Russian–Mongolian joint-stock company. Rail transport in Mongolia, which also includes the unconnected Choibalsan–Borzya line built in 1938–39, in 1998 carried 96 percent of the country's freight transportation and 55 percent of passenger traffic. In Mongolia it is mostly single-tracked, with some 60 stations and double-tracked passing sidings.At Erenhot station in Inner Mongolia, the railway's Russian gauge track meets with China's standard gauge. There are trans-shipping facilities and rolling-stock equipment for bogie exchange. As of 2000, the railway had nine container terminals, the largest at Zamyn-Üüd, and UBTZ operated 60 locomotives, 300 passenger cars, and 2,400 freight wagons, including 140 container wagons. The primary international service on the railway is the China Railway K3/4 train, which began service in 1959 and connects Beijing with Moscow.
Proposed lines
A 2010 Mongolian government plan proposed of new track, for the primary purpose of connecting Dalanzadgad and Choibalsan, to be built in three stages:- the first stage, totaling and linking Dalanzadgad–Tavan Tolgoi mine–Tsagaan Suvarga mine–Züünbayan, Sainshand–Baruun-Urt, Baruun-Urt–Khööt mine, and Khööt–Choibalsan ;
- the second stage, totaling and connecting the first stage with the Chinese border, linking Nariin Sukhait mine–Shivee Khüren, Tavan Tolgoi–Gashuun Sukhait, Khööt–Tamsagbulag–Nömrög, and Khööt–Bichigt ; and
- the third stage, totaling ) and not described in detail, but including a link with Tsagaannuur on the Russian border and a line from Ulaanbaatar to Kharkhorin.