Timeline of women's suffrage
Women's suffrage – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before universal suffrage, in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. Some countries granted suffrage to both sexes at the same time. This timeline lists years when women's suffrage was enacted. Some countries are listed more than once, as the right was extended to more women according to age, land ownership, etc. In many cases, the first voting took place in a subsequent year.
Certain women in the Isle of Man gained the right to vote in 1881.
New Zealand was the first self-governing country in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections, from 1893. However women could not stand for election to parliament until 1919, when three women stood ; see 1919 in New Zealand.
The colony of South Australia allowed women to both vote and stand for election in 1895. In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was granted during the Age of Liberty between 1718 and 1772. But it was not until the year 1919 that equality was achieved, where women's votes were valued the same as men's.
The Australian Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 enabled female British subjects resident in Australia to vote at federal elections and also permitted them to stand for election to the Australian Parliament, making the newly-federated country of Australia the first in the modern world to do so. However, the act excluded "natives of Australia, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands ". Two states either effectively or explicitly excluded indigenous Australians.
In 1906, the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which later became the Republic of Finland, was the first country in the world to give all women and all men both the right to vote and the right to run for office.
Finland was also the first country in Europe to give women the right to vote. The world's first female members of parliament were elected in Finland the following year.
In Europe, the last jurisdiction to grant women the right to vote was the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, in 1991. Appenzell Innerrhoden is the smallest Swiss canton with around 14,100 inhabitants in 1990. Women in Switzerland obtained the right to vote at federal level in 1971, and at local cantonal level between 1959 and 1972, except for Appenzell in 1989/1990; see women's suffrage in Switzerland.
In Saudi Arabia, women were first allowed to vote in December 2015 in the municipal elections.
For other women's rights, see timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting).
17th century
1689- Friesland: Female landowners are allowed to vote in elections to the States of Friesland in rural districts.
18th century
1718- : Female taxpaying members of city guilds are allowed to vote in local city elections and national elections.
- Sweden: Female taxpaying property owners of legal majority are allowed to vote in local countryside elections.
- : Female suffrage in the independent republic's Diet.
- New Jersey : allowed unmarried and widowed women meeting property requirements to vote; later rescinded in 1807
19th century
1830s
1832- : the Reform Act 1832 formally limits voting to men only.
1840s
1840- Hawaiian Kingdom: later rescinded in 1852
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1850s
1853- : The Province of Vélez, in what was then the Republic of New Granada, grants universal suffrage to men and women. The Supreme Court annulled the provision for women a few years later.
- Norfolk Island: following population transfer from Pitcairn.
1860s
1861- South Australia – Australian colony of South Australia: property-owning women were given the right to vote.
- : limited to local elections with votes graded after taxation; universal franchise achieved in 1919, which went into effect at the 1921 elections.
- : limited to local elections, only for literate women in San Juan Province.
- The Grand Duchy of Finland limited to taxpaying women in the countryside for municipal elections; and in 1872, extended to the cities.
- Victoria – Australian colony of Victoria: women were unintentionally enfranchised by the Electoral Act, and proceeded to vote in the following year's elections. The act was amended in 1865 to correct the error.
- – Austrian Empire: limited to taxpaying women and women in "learned professions" who were allowed to vote by proxy and made eligible for election to the legislative body in 1864.
- : single women ratepayers gain the right to vote in local elections under the Municipal Franchise Act 1869.
- – incorporated Territory of Wyoming: full suffrage for women.
1870s
1870- – Utah Territory: passed a law granting women's suffrage. Utah women citizens voted in municipal elections that spring and a general election on 1 August, beating Wyoming women to the polls. The women's suffrage law was later repealed as part of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in 1887.
- – 10 May 1872, New York City: Equal Rights Party nominates Victoria C. Woodhull as their candidate for US President.
1880s
1881- : Female taxpayers allowed to vote in local elections.
- :. Universal suffrage / the franchise for all resident men and women was introduced in 1919. All men and women could also stand for election from 1919.
- Ontario – Canadian province: limited to widows and spinsters to vote in municipal elections; later extended to other provinces.
- – Kansas: Women can vote in city elections and hold certain offices.
- : Proposed Constitutional Amendment to extend suffrage and the right to hold office to women.
- The municipality of Franceville in the New Hebrides
1890s
1893- : first self-governing colony in the world in which all women are given the right to vote in parliamentary elections. However, women were barred from standing for parliament until 1919.
- universal suffrage.
- Colorado : first state in the union to enfranchise women by popular vote.
- : universal suffrage, extending the franchise from property-owning women to all women, the first colony in Australia to do so. Women were also granted the right to stand for election.
- : Local Government Act 1894 confirms single women's right to vote in local elections and extends this franchise to some married women. By 1900, over 1 million women were registered for local government elections in England.
1897
- : Formal provisions for female suffrage in village elections in Thailand date to the Local Administration Act of 1897. This makes Thailand the first major country in the world in which women and men achieved the vote on an equal basis simultaneously.
- : Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund founded in Copenhagen
- : West Australian women gained the vote but there was a property qualification for "Aboriginal natives of Australia, Asia or Africa" and people of mixed descent. The property qualification excluded virtually all such persons from the franchise.
20th century
Source:1900s
1901- : Women were allowed to vote in Australia's first federal election
- : Women were allowed to vote in Australia's first federal election, but there were racial restrictions.
- : The Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 gave all adult British subjects resident in Australia, including women, the right to vote at the federal level. However, the act excluded "natives of Australia, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands ". The 1903 Australian federal election was the first under the new legislation.
1905
- Latvia, Russian Empire
- : excluded "Aboriginal natives of Australia, India, China or the South Sea Islands."
- Grand Duchy of Finland . The world's first female members of parliament were elected in Finland the following year.
- New Hebrides: Perhaps inspired by the Franceville experiment, the Anglo-French Condominium of the New Hebrides grants women the right to vote in municipal elections and to serve on elected municipal councils.
- : last Australian state to enact equal voting rights for women in state elections.
1910s
19101911
- : Julieta Lanteri, doctor and leading feminist activist, votes in the election for the Buenos Aires City Legislature. She had realized that the government did not make specifications regarding gender, and appealed to justice successfully, becoming the first South American woman to vote.
- : Carolina Beatriz Ângelo becomes the first Portuguese woman to vote due to a legal technicality; the law is shortly thereafter altered to specify only literate male citizens over the age of 21 had the right to vote.
1913
- Alaska
- Illinois Women were granted an equal vote for all statutory offices, but no constitutional ones, which would have required amending the state constitution. Statutory offices included presidential electors, and 876,700 women voted for the top five candidates in 1916.
- Two years later, Montana's Jeannette Rankin is the first woman elected to a national legislature in an English-speaking country.
1916
1917
*1918
- Banat, Bačka and Baranja: Women over 20 were allowed to vote on the elections for the Great National Assembly. Seven female delegates were elected. Rescinded after incorporation into Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1922.
- : First four women elected to the Folketing.
- Nova Scotia
- : On 12 November 1918, the new German government issued a declaration supporting universal suffrage. Shortly thereafter, the Electoral Act was passed on 30 November 1918, granting voting rights to all German citizens aged 20 and above, including women.
- : Limited to women over the age of 24 who were literate.
- Turkestan ASSR
- Trinidad and Tobago
- : The Riksdag introduces equal voting rights in city council and municipal elections.
1919
- : universal suffrage to trade union members only.
- : all adults could vote or be elected, widows and single women who owned property could vote from 1881.
- : Limited suffrage granted to women of twenty-five years or more, who earned £50 or more per year, or paid taxes of £2.
- New Brunswick
- Southern Rhodesia
- South West Caucasian Republic
- : The Riksdag takes the first out of two constitutional decisions for equal voting rights in elections to the Riksdag
1920s
1920- , Princely Indian State in the British Empire: It was the first place in India to grant women's suffrage, but did not grant the right to stand in elections.
- : 2nd of the princely states in India to grant women enfranchisement.
- . While sex was no longer the basis for disenfranchisement, there were other grounds, most notably race, by which women's ability to vote was restricted. As part of Jim Crow, Black persons in the South — both women and men — were largely disenfranchised by unequal literacy tests and poll taxes until the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
- , Madras Presidency was the first of the provinces in the British India to grant women's suffrage, though there were income and property restrictions and women were not allowed to stand for office.
- , Bombay Presidency became the second province in British India to grant the right for women to vote with income and property restrictions and an inability to stand in elections.
- ,,, and agreed to a federal constitution which included the provision that married or widowed literate women of 21 or more, or single literate women of 25 or more could vote or hold office as long as they met any property requirements. The constitution never took effect and was abandoned in January 1923.
- : The Riksdag takes the second and confirming decision to amend the Constitution such that equal voting rights are introduced in elections to the Riksdag.
- , Burma Province became the third province of British India to grant limited suffrage, but not the right to stand in elections.
- became the 3rd of India's princely estates to grant women's suffrage.
- , United Provinces of Agra and Oudh became the 4th province in British India to grant limited suffrage, though women could not stand for office.
- Rajkot State became the first princely state and first entity in British India to grant women both the right to vote and stand in elections.
- , Assam Province became the 5th province in British India to grant suffrage with income and property restrictions, as well as the inability to stand for office.
- Ecuador
- Kazakh ASSR
- Kingdom of Cochin: one of the princely states of British India granted both suffrage and the right for women to stand in elections.
- Tajik ASSR
- , Bengal Presidency became the 6th province in British India to grant limited suffrage without the ability for women to stand in elections.
- , Punjab Province became the 7th province in British India to grant limited suffrage without the ability for women to stand in elections.
- was empowered by the British Parliament to amend the voting regulations and allow women to stand for office, if the province in which they resided granted women's suffrage.
- , Central Provinces became the 8th province in British India to grant suffrage to women.
1929
- , Bihar and Orissa Province became the last of the provinces in British India to grant women's limited suffrage with income and property restrictions.
- Ecuador
1930s
1930- .
1932
1934
- .
1937
1938
1939
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1940s
19401941
1942
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
- adopted The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 21
- Niger
- Dutch Surinam
- Seychelles
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1950s
19501951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
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1960s
19601961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
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1970s
19701971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
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1980s
19841985
1986
1989
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1990s
1991- was forced to accept women's suffrage by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland
1997
1999
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21st century
2000s
20012003
2005
2006
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2010s
2015*
2020s
2021Note: In some countries, both men and women have limited suffrage. For example, in Brunei, which is a sultanate, there are no national elections, and voting exists only on local issues. In the United Arab Emirates the rulers of the seven emirates each select a proportion of voters for the Federal National Council that together account for about 12% of Emirati citizens.