Thomas Morland
Sir Thomas Lethbridge Napier Morland, was a senior British Army officer who served as a distinguished division and corps commander during the First World War, most notably as commander of X Corps during the first day of the Battle of the Somme in July 1916.
Early life
Born in Montreal, Canada East, Morland was the son of Thomas Morland and Helen Servante. Educated at Charterhouse School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Morland was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the King's Royal Rifle Corps in August 1884.Military career
He attended the Staff College, Camberley from 1891 to 1892, earning his psc. In February 1895 he was seconded for service on the staff and appointed aide-de-camp to General Sir Arthur Lyon Fremantle. He served in West Africa and was granted the temporary rank of major while so employed.Service in West Africa
Morland, who in July 1899 was promoted to brevet major, later served in Nigeria, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel and being appointed commanding officer of the West African Field Force in 1900. The following year, after being promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel in January 1901, he was in command of an expedition to Yola, leading to the defeat and deposition of the Emir of Adamawa in September 1901, and to British occupation of the Adamawa Emirate, important for the later occupation of the Sokoto Caliphate as it reduced slave traffic through the Adamawa area. Morland was wounded by a poisoned arrow during the fighting, but stuck to his command. In a despatch describing the expedition, the acting High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria gave him "very great credit for the successful issue of this important expedition." The following year he was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in recognition of his services. In 1902 he was appointed commander of the forces in Northern Nigeria, and served as advisor to the French and British commissioners appointed for boundary delimitation in the area. He led a British force to victory in the Battle of Kano in February 1903. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in May 1904.In September 1905 he was appointed inspector general of the West African Field Force and for which he was granted the local rank of brigadier general while so employed. For this appointment he was granted the substantive rank of colonel. He completed this assignment in September 1909 and was then again placed on half-pay.
First World War
In June 1910, after coming off of the half-pay list, Morland was promoted to temporary brigadier general and succeeded Nevil Macready in command of the 2nd Infantry Brigade, a position he held until the outbreak of the First World War. In March 1913 he was promoted to major general, while still commanding the brigade.Morland then became general officer commanding 2nd London Division in August 1914, the month of the British entry into World War I, then GOC of 14th Division in September 1914 and finally GOC of the 5th Division, then serving on the Western Front, in October 1914. He soon saw action with his new command during the First Battle of Ypres which lasted until late November. The division then participated in the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915.
He was made a KCB in June 1915 and was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant general in July, and commanded X Corps from then through to April 1918. During this time, he was one of General Sir Henry Rawlinson's Fourth Army corps commanders at the Battle of the Somme in 1916 and one of General Sir Herbert Plumer's corps commanders at the Battle of Messines in 1917.
Post-war
At the end of the war, Morland, who in January 1918 was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general, took command of XIII Corps. In August he became colonel of the Suffolk Regiment.He held the command of XIII Corps until 1920, when he was promoted and made commander-in-chief of the British Army of the Rhine, in succession to General Sir William Robertson. Two years later, in March 1922, he was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Aldershot Command and, after succeeding General Sir Charles Monro as aide-de-camp general to King George V in June, was promoted to full general in November. He retired the following year, in 1923. In January 1925 he was appointed colonel commandant of the 1st Battalion, KRRC.
Morland died at the age of 59 on 21 May 1925 and was buried in the English cemetery at Villeneuve, Montreux.