Tarka Shastra
Tarka Shastra is a Sanskrit term for the philosophy of dialectics, logic and reasoning, and art of debate that analyzes the nature and source of knowledge and its validity. Shastra in Sanskrit means that which gives teaching, instruction or command. Tarka means debate or an argument. According to one reckoning, there are six shastras. Vyākaraṇa is one of them. Four of the shastras are particularly important: Vyākaraṇa, Mīmāṃsā, Tarka, and Vedanta.
Tarka shastra has concepts called purva paksha and apara paksha. When one raises a point the other party criticizes it. Then the debate starts. Each one tries to support his point of view by getting various references. The meaning of the word tarka also is specific, in that it does not imply a pure logical analysis but a complex activity of discourse guided by strict definitions and goals.
Tarka-Sangraha is a foundational text followed as guidelines for logic and discourse ever since it was composed in the second half of 17th century CE. Tarka may be translated as "hypothetical argument". Tarka is the process of questioning and cross-questioning that leads to a particular conclusion. It is a form of supposition that can be used as an aid to the attainment of valid knowledge.
There are several scholars renowned as well-versed in Tarka shastra: Adi Shankara, Udyotakara, Vācaspati Miśra, Ramanujacharya, Udayanacharya, Jayanta Bhatta, Madhvacharya, Visvanatha, Rādhāmohana Gosvāmī, and Kumaran Asan. Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri and Sengalipuram Anantarama Dikshitar specialized in Vyākaraṇa, Mīmāṃsā and Tarka shastra.