Tamanic languages

The Tamanic languages are a small group of languages of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan:

The Tamanic languages are not closely related to other languages on Borneo. Instead, they belong to the South Sulawesi languages, most probably in one branch together with Buginese.

Sound changes

Here is a list of sound changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian into various Tamanic languages.

Phonemic mergers:
* *D merges into d.
* *j merges into s, but merges into d following *n.
* *h, *q merge into ∅, however, in word-final positions their outcomes still differ.
* *z merges into d.
Lenition in intervocalic positions:
* *-b- > -w-.
* *-d- > -r-.
* *-ŋ-, *-k- > -∅- in Taman.
* When geminated or following a nasal consonant, the original phonemes remain.
*l is assimilated to r before r in the same or following syllable.
* In Taman, *r is further dissimilated to n after *r.
Development of the final glottal stop of mostly unexplained origin.
* *-q > -ʔ, but *-h > *-∅
* Other occurrences are hypothesized from an original Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme -ʔ.
Vowels
*aya, aV > *a:
* In Taman, it was sometimes reflected as ɛ:.
*u was dissimilated to i before *u in the following syllable.
*ay, *ey, and *aw, as well as *ew, were monophthongized into e and o, respectively.
*-iq and *-uq became -e and -o respectively.
West Kalimantan groups

Some Tamanic-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:

There are many lexical similarities with the languages of South Sulawesi, for example: