Buginese language

Buginese, or simply Bugis, is an Austronesian language spoken by about 4 million people, mainly in the southern part of Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is the mother tongue of the Buginese people.

History

The word Buginese derives from the word Bahasa Bugis in Malay. In Buginese, it is called Basa Ugi while the Bugis people are called To Ugi. According to a Buginese myth, the term Ugi is derived from the name to the first king of Cina, an ancient Bugis kingdom, La Sattumpugi. To Ugi basically means 'the followers of La Sattumpugi'.
Little is known about the early history of this language due to the lack of written records. The earliest written record of this language is Sureq Galigo, the epic creation myth of the Bugis people.
Another written source of Buginese is Lontara, a term which refers to the traditional script and historical record as well. The earliest historical record of Lontara dates to around the 17th century. Lontara records have been described by historians of Indonesia as "sober" and "factual" when compared to their counterparts from other regions of Maritime Southeast Asia, such as the babad of Java. These records are usually written in a matter-of-fact tone with very few mythical elements, and the writers would usually put disclaimers before stating something that they cannot verify.
Prior to the Dutch arrival in the 19th century, a missionary, B. F. Matthews, translated the Bible into Buginese, which made him the first European to acquire knowledge of the language. He was also one of the first Europeans to master Makassarese. The dictionaries and grammar books compiled by him, and the literature and folklore texts he published, remain basic sources of information about both languages.
Upon colonization by the Dutch, a number of Bugis fled from their home area of South Sulawesi seeking a better life. This led to the existence of small groups of Buginese speakers throughout Maritime Southeast Asia.

Classification

Buginese belongs to the South Sulawesi subgroup of the Austronesian language family. Within the South Sulawesi subgroup, it is most closely related to Campalagian and the Tamanic outlier in West Kalimantan.

Geographical distribution

Most of the native speakers are concentrated in South Sulawesi, Indonesia but there are small groups of Buginese speakers on the island of Java, Samarinda and east Sumatra of Indonesia, east Sabah and Malay Peninsula, Malaysia and South Philippines. This Bugis diaspora is the result of migration since the 17th century that was mainly driven by continuous warfare situations.

Phonology

Buginese has six vowels:,,,,, and the central vowel.
The following table gives the consonant phonemes of Buginese together with their representation in Lontara script.
When Buginese is written in Latin script, general Indonesian spelling conventions are applied: is represented by, by, by, by. The glottal stop is usually represented by an apostrophe, but occasionally is also used. and are usually uniformly spelled as, but is often written as to avoid ambiguity.

Grammar

Pronouns

Buginese has four sets of personal pronouns, one free set, and three bound sets:
The enclitic set is used with subjects of intransitive verbs, and objects of transitive verbs. The proclitic set is with subjects of transitive verbs. The suffixed set is primarily used in possessive function.

Aspects

The following are grammatical aspects of the language:

Durative	Perfective	Conditional	Doubt	Emphasis	Place
kaq	naq	paq	gaq	si	é
kiq/ko	niq/no	piq/po	giq/go	sa	tu
kiq	niq	piq	giq	to	ro
i	ni	pi	gi	mi
	na	pa	ga

Examples

represents the glottal stop. It is not written in the Lontara script.
Example of usage:

Writing system

Buginese was traditionally written using the Lontara script, of the Brahmic family, which is also used for the Makassar language and the Mandar language. The name Lontara derives from the Malay word for the palmyra palm, lontar, the leaves of which are the traditional material for manuscripts in India, South East Asia and Indonesia. Today, however, it is often written using the Latin script.

Buginese lontara

The Buginese lontara has a slightly different pronunciation from the other lontaras like the Makassarese. Like other Indic scripts, it also utilizes diacritics to distinguish the vowels,,, and from the default inherent vowel implicitly represented in all base consonant letters.
But unlike most other Brahmic scripts of India, the Buginese script traditionally does not have any virama sign to suppress the inherent vowel, so it is normally impossible to write consonant clusters, geminated consonants or final consonants.

Dialects and sub-dialects

The Bugis still distinguish themselves according to their major precolony states or groups of petty states. The languages of these areas, with their relatively minor differences from one another, have been largely recognized by linguists as constituting dialects: recent linguistic research has identified eleven of them, most comprising two or more sub-dialects.
The following Buginese dialects are listed in the Ethnologue: Bone, Pangkep, Camba, Sidrap, Pasangkayu, Sinjai, Soppeng, Wajo, Barru, Sawitto, Luwu.

Numbers

The numbers are:

Sample text

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Buginese language :

ᨔᨗᨊᨗᨊ ᨑᨘᨄ ᨈᨕᨘ ᨑᨗ ᨍᨍᨗᨕᨊᨁᨗ ᨑᨗᨒᨗᨊᨚᨕᨙ ᨊᨄᨘᨊᨕᨗ ᨆᨊᨙᨊᨁᨗ ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨙᨊᨁᨙ ᨕᨒᨙᨅᨗᨑᨙ᨞ ᨊᨄᨘᨊᨕᨗ ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨙᨊᨁᨙ ᨕᨀᨒᨙ᨞ ᨊᨄᨘᨊᨕᨗ ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨙᨊᨁᨙ ᨕᨈᨗ ᨆᨑᨙᨊᨗ ᨊ ᨔᨗᨅᨚᨒᨙ ᨅᨚᨒᨙᨊ ᨄᨉ ᨔᨗᨄᨀᨈᨕᨘ ᨄᨉ ᨆᨔᨒᨔᨘᨑᨙ᨞
Transliteration:
Sininna rupa tau ri jajiangngi rilinoe nappunnai manengngi riasengnge alebbireng. Nappunai riasengnge akkaleng, nappunai riasengnge ati marennni na sibole bolena pada sipakatau pada massalasureng.

Trivia

A Buginese poem is painted on a wall near the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies in Leiden, Netherlands, as one of the wall poems in Leiden.