Swamimalai Bronze Icons
Swamimalai Bronze Icons refers to bronze idols and statues manufactured in Swamimalai, Tamil Nadu. It has been recognized as a Geographical indication by the Government of India in 2008–09.
History
During the reign of Chola empire, Raja Raja I commissioned a group of sculptors for the construction of the Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur. The sculptors helped cast statues for Airavatesvara Temple and later settled at Swamimalai.Production
The icons range from to in height. The production is closely controlled and limited in number to maintain quality. The statues made mainly include that of Hindu deities. Other icons of animals, figures of males and females are also cast based on requirements. The statues are made using the technique of wax casting and the cast can be of two types - solid and hollow cast.Solid wax casts are traditionally used and the model of the required image is cast as a mould filled with wax, made by mixing pure bee wax with resin from the Platanus orientalis and ground nut oil in the ratio 4:4:1. The wax pattern is coated with three layers of clay known as investment with each layer made from different clay. The first coat about 3 mm thick is made when fine loam or alluvial soil collected from the Kaveri river bed finely ground with charred paddy husk mixed with cow dung, the second layer by mixing clay from paddy fields with sand and the third layer being a mix of coarse sand with clay. For large statues, the clay coating is reinforced using metal rods.
The mould is heated to remove the wax and the molten metal is poured into the mould. During historic times, the molten metal was an alloy of five metals: gold, silver, copper, zinc and lead, known as Panchaloha. As gold and silver are expensive, they are replaced by tin and iron. Once the metal cools, the mould is broken and the metal statue is polished further to produce the icon.