Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines

The Spanish fortifications of the Philippines, or fuerzas, are strongholds constructed by Filipinos and Spaniards primarily for protection against local and foreign aggressors during the Spanish colonial period, and during the subsequent American and Japanese occupations. Structures built included fortresses, watchtowers, and bastions. Many are badly damaged, either due to old age or past conflicts. Currently, there are initiatives for restorations of all forts, beginning when the Baluarte Luna of La Union and the Intramuros of Manila were restored in the 2010s. In 2013, a typhoon and earthquake hit Central Visayas and damaged numerous Spanish fortifications, leading to the largest restoration activity for fortifications in Philippine history.

List of forts

Northern Luzon

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Batanes

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Cagayan

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Ilocos

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Central and Southeastern Luzon

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Manila

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Southern Tagalog

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Central Luzon

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Mimaropa

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Mindoro and Marinduque

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Palawan and Cuyo Islands

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Romblon

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Bicol

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Camarines & Albay

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Sorsogon

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Masbate

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Western Visayas

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Panay & Guimaras

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Negros

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Central Visayas

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Cebu

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Bohol

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Siquijor

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Eastern Visayas

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Leyte

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Samar

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Mindanao

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Zamboanga

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Northern Mindanao

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Caraga & Davao

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Soccsksargen

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Bangsamoro

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UNESCO World Heritage status

Tentative list

On May 16, 2006, a collection of five well-preserved examples of Spanish Colonial architecture was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List in the Cultural category.
The collection titled "Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the Philippines" include the following buildings located throughout the country:

In 2015, by recommendation of UNESCO, the fortifications were removed from the tentative list of the Philippines as they 'will have a hard time meeting the standards of the organization'. The old town of Capul, old town of Romblon, and old town of Taytay were recommended as possible heritage sites in the future once the Philippines submits them in the tentative list, along with a complete dossier.

Future reinclusion list

Heritage groups have been advocating for the return of the fortifications in the tentative list, but with the inclusion of at least twenty-one more Spanish colonial fortifications throughout the country to maximize its potential to be included in the World Heritage List. Restoration activities on numerous fortifications throughout the country are currently ongoing in a bid to support the future nomination of the fortifications to UNESCO. However, some fortifications are within private lands, hindering cultural agencies of government from restoring those forts. The possible return of the fortifications in the tentative list is supported by both governments of the Philippines and Spain. Other proposed properties are: