Southeastern Loloish languages
The Southeastern Loloish languages, also known as Southeastern Ngwi, are a branch of the Loloish languages. In Lama's classification, it is called Axi-Puoid, which forms the Nisoish branch together with the Nisoid languages.
Languages
Southeastern Yi is one of the six Yi languages officially recognized by the Chinese government. Sani 撒尼 is the officially recognized literary standard for Southeastern Yi. Pelkey considers Southern Yi to be another officially recognized Yi fangyan 方言 that belongs to Southeastern Loloish.Pelkey (2011)
Jamin Pelkey lists the following languages in Southeastern Ngwi. Four branches of Southeastern Loloish are recognized, namely Nisu, Sani–Azha, Highland Phula, and Riverine Phula.- Nisu: Nyisu?; Northern Nisu, Southern Nisu
- Sani–Azha: Sani, Axi; Azhe; Azha
- Highland Phula:
- *Muji:
- **Core Muji: Northern Muji, Qila Muji, Southern Muji, Bokha–Phuma; Muzi; Laghuu
- ** Thopho
- ** Moji
- *Phowa:
- **Ani Phowa, Labo Phowa
- **Hlepho Phowa, Phukha
- **Khlula, Zokhuo
- Riverine Phula:
- *Upriver: Phola, Alo Phola, Phala
- *Downriver:
- **Phupa, Phuza
- **Phupha, Alugu
Bradley had classified Sani, Axi, Azhe, and Azha as forming a Southeastern Central subgroup of Central Loloish, but Pelkey reclassified them as Southeastern Loloish rather than Central Loloish languages.
Also, Pelkey notes that Southeastern Ngwi may be most closely related to Northern Ngwi, which is in line with Lama's proposal of a Nisoish clade.
Other languages
Pelkey specifically excludes Pholo, noting that although it has been closely associated with speakers of Southeastern Ngwi languages historically, it does not share the defining features of the branch.Pelkey classifies Nyisu of Shilin County as belonging to the Nisu language cluster, but notes that this classification is in need of further formal evidence. Bradley, however, classifies Nyisu of Kunming as being most closely related to Suondi Yi. It is not known whether Nyisu of Kunming and Nyisu of Shilin County are related or not.
Ethnologue classifies Ache as a Southeastern Loloish language. However, Ache has not been analyzed in classifications of Southeastern Loloish by Pelkey and Lama, and hence remains unclassified within the Southeastern Loloish branch.
Pelkey suggests that the Xiqi, Ati, and Long languages of Huaning County may be Southeastern Loloish languages.
It is uncertain if Zhayipo 扎依颇 of Mile County is a Southeastern Loloish language or not.
Glottolog and ISO 639 also add the "Nisi " language, previously named "Southeastern Lolo Yi", and still unclassified within branches of Southeastern Loloish.
Innovations
Pelkey lists the following four mergers from Proto-Ngwi as Southeastern Ngwi innovations.- Proto-Ngwi * and * > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *
- Proto-Ngwi * and * > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *
- Proto-Ngwi * and * > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *
- Proto-Ngwi * and * > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *
Chen (1985)
Chen, et al. also recognizes a similar group called Southeastern Yi, which includes the following dialects.- Yiliang 宜良土语: spoken in Yiliang, Qiubei, Luxi, Mile, and Luliang counties
- Mile 弥勒土语: spoken in Mile, Huaning, Kunming, Luxi, and Yiliang counties
- Huami 华弥土语 : spoken in Mile, Huaning, and Jianshui counties
- Wenxi 文西土语 : spoken in Wenshan, Xichou, Yanshan, Malipo, Maguan, Funing, Guangnan, and Qiubei counties. Internal variation is greatest within the Wenxi lect.
Chen (2010)
- Nesu 聂苏方言
- *Nesu, Nièsū 聂苏次方言
- **Nesu, Nièsū 聂苏 : 500,000 speakers in Honghe, Mojiang, Yuanjiang, Yuanyang, Luchun, Jiangcheng, Jinping, Hekou, Pu'er, Jinghong, Mengla, etc.
- **Narsu, Nuósū 娜苏 : 500,000 speakers in Shiping, Eshan, Tonghai, Jianshui, Kaiyuan, Gejiu, Mengzi, Pingbian, etc.
- **Zoko, Zuòkuò 作括 : 100,000 speakers in Wenshan, Yanshan, Xichou, Maguan, Malipo, etc.
- *Sani, Sǎní 撒尼次方言
- **Sani, Sǎní 撒尼 : 200,000 speakers in Lunan, Yiliang, Luliang, Mile, Luxi, Shizong, Malong, Luquan, Qiubei, etc.
- **Asi, Āxì 阿细 : 200,000 speakers in Mile, Lunan, Chengjiang, Kunming, Huaning, etc.
- **Nise, Nísài 尼赛 : 100,000 speakers in Lunan
- *Azi, Āzhé 阿哲次方言
- **Azi, Āzhé 阿哲 : 100,000 speakers in Mile, Huaning, Kaiyuan, Jianshui, etc.
- **Neshu, Nièshū 聂舒: : 500,000 speakers in Xinping, Yuxi, Jiangchuan, Yimen, Puning, etc.
- **Lopo, Luópō 罗泼 : 100,000 speakers in Mile
- **Kopo, Gépō 格泼 : 100,000 speakers in Fuyuan, Luoping, Zhanyi, Qujing, Shizong, Huize, Lunan, Luliang, Mile, etc.
- **Sanni, Sāngní 桑尼 : 100,000 speakers in Kunming
Demographics
| Language | Autonym | Speakers | Ethnic population | Villages | Dialects | ISO-639 |
| Phala | ' | 12,000 | 13,000 | 33 | 5+ | ypa |
| Phola | ' | 13,000 | 13,000 | 42 | 7+ | ypg |
| Alo Phola | ' | 500 | 500 | 1 | 1 | ypo |
| Qila Muji | ' | 1,500 | 1,500 | 3 | 3 | ymq |
| Southern Muji | ' | 26,000 | 28,000 | 104 | 6+ | ymc |
| Northern Muji | ' | 9,000 | 15,000 | 61 | 3+ | ymx |
| Muzi | ' | 10,000 | 16,000 | 42 | 5+ | ymz |
| Bokha | ' | 10,000 | 12,000 | 31 | 3+ | ybk |
| Phuma | ' | 8,000 | 8,000 | 23 | 2 | ypm |
| Alugu | ' | 3,500 | 3,500 | 11 | 2 | aub |
| Phupa | ' | 3,000 | 4,000 | 13 | 3 | ypp |
| Phupha | ' | 1,300 | 1,500 | 5 | 3 | yph |
| Phuza | ' | 6,000 | 8,000 | 28 | 2+ | ypz |
| Ani Phowa | pʰo21 va33 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 30 | 3+ | ypn |
| Labo Phowa | ' | 17,000 | 21,000 | 70 | Dialect chain | ypb |
| Hlepho Phowa | ' | 36,000 | 50,000 | 187 | Dialect chain | yhl |
| Azha | ', ' | 53,000 | 54,000 | 98 | 5+ | aza |
| Zokhuo | ' | 13,000 | 17,000 | 56 | 2 | yzk |
| Khlula | ' | 21,000 | 34,000 | 114 | 3+ | ykl |
| Moji | – | 2,000 | 7,000 | 45 | 2+ | ymi |
| Phukha | – | 10,000 | 14,000 | 41? | Unknown | phh |
| Laghuu | ' | 500 | 1,500 | 7 | Unknown | lgh |
| Pholo | ' | 30,000 | 34,000 | 112 | 3+ | yip |
| Thopho | ' | 200 | 500 | 2 | 1 | ytp |
The following datapoints for Phula languages are from Pelkey.
| Language | County | Township | Village | Datapoint Code |
| Alugu | Gejiu | Manhao 蔓耗镇 | Chongtianling 冲天岭 | CTL |
| Azha | Yanshan County | Ganhe 干河彝族乡 | Faduke Dazhai 法都可大寨 | DFC |
| Azha | Wenshan County | Dongshan 东山彝族乡 | Huangzhai 荒寨 | HZC |
| Azha | Wenshan County | Binglie 秉烈彝族乡 | Luojiayi 倮家邑 | LJY |
| Azha | Wenshan County | Binglie 秉烈彝族乡 | Xiaopingba 小平坝 | XPB |
| Bokha | Pingbian County | Dishuiceng 滴水层乡 | Yibaizu 邑佰租 | YBZ |
| Bokho | Jinping County | Ma'andi 马鞍底乡 | Dixibei 地西北 | DXB |
| Khlula | Wenshan County | Liujing 柳井彝族乡 | Laozhai 老寨 | LZC |
| Khlula | Maguan County | Muchang 木厂镇 | Maxi 马西 | MXC |
| Muji | Pingbian County | Xinxian 新现乡 | Luoshuidong 落水洞 | LSD |
| Muji | Jinping County | Adibo 阿德博乡 | Pujiazhai 普家寨 | PJZ |
| Muji | Jinping County | Jinshuihe 金水河镇 | Qila 期腊 | QLC |
| Muji | Mengzi County | Shuitian 水田乡 | Xiepo 斜坡 | XPC |
| Muzi | Gejiu | Laochang 老厂镇 | Malutang 马鹿塘 | MLT |
| Muzi | Gejiu | Kafang 卡房镇 | Nuoguzhai 糯谷寨 | NGZ |
| Muzi | Jinping County | Tongchang 铜厂乡 | Shizitou 狮子头 | SZT |
| Phala | Honghe County | Baohua 宝华乡 | Beishe 碑赊 | BSC |
| Phala | Honghe County | Yisa 迤萨镇 | Feinishao 斐尼哨 | FNS |
| Phola | Honghe County | Menglong 勐龙傣族乡 | Adipo 阿底坡 | ADP |
| Phola | Yuanjiang County | Wadie 洼垤乡 | Luodie 罗垤 | LDC |
| Phola | Yuanjiang County | Lijiang 澧江镇 | Natang 那塘 | NTC |
| Phole | Wenshan County | Dehou 德厚镇 | Chekabai 扯卡白 | CKB |
| Pholo | Guangnan County | Wuzhu 五珠乡 | Fayi Xiazhai 法衣下寨 | FYX |
| Pholo | Yanshan County | Ganhe 干河彝族乡 | Shangxinzhai 上新寨 | SXZ |
| Pholo | Guangnan County | Zhulin 珠琳镇 | Xiji 西吉 | XJC |
| Phowa | Pingbian County | Xinhua 新华乡 | Feizuke 菲租克 | FZK |
| Phowa | Kaiyuan County | Beige 碑格乡 | Jiaji 架吉 | JJC |
| Phowa | Mengzi County | Mingjiu 鸣鹫镇 | Meizichong 梅子冲 | MZC |
| Phowa | Mengzi County | Beige 碑格乡 | Weibazhu Xiaozhai 尾巴猪小寨 | WBZ |
| Phowa | Kaiyuan County | Mazheshao 马者哨乡 | Wudupi 乌都皮 | WDP |
| Phowa | Mengzi County | Xibeile 西北勒乡 | Daheineng 大黑能 | DHN |
| Phowa | Kaiyuan County | Beige 碑格乡 | Lugumu 鲁姑母 | LGM |
| Phowa | Wenshan County | Baxin 坝心彝族乡 | Suozhiwan 所支弯 | SZW |
| Phowa | Mengzi County | Xibeile 西北勒乡 | Xibeile 西北勒 | XBL |
| Phuma | Pingbian County | Baihe 白河乡 | Yanzitou 岩子头 | YZT |
| Phupa | Mengzi County | Shuitian 水田乡 | Gamadi 嘎马底 | GMD |
| Phupha | Gejiu | Jiasha 贾沙乡 | Fengkou 风口 | FKC |
| Phuza | Mengzi County | Lengquan 冷泉镇 | Bujibai 补鸡白 | BJB |
| Thopho | Guangnan County | Zhetu 者兔乡 | Xinzhaicun 新寨村 | XZC |
| Zokhuo | Wenshan County | Zhuiligai 追栗街镇 | Daxingzhai 大兴寨 | DXZ |
| Moji | Xichou County | Lianhuatang 莲花塘乡 | Luchaichong 芦差冲 | LCC |