List of south Italian principalities
Following the collapse of Roman and later Lombard authority in southern Italy, a group of semi-independent principalities evolved between the 8th and 11th centuries:
- Principality of Benevento, a former Lombard duchy, independent from 774
- Principality of Salerno, split off from Benevento in 851
- Principality of Capua, split off from Benevento in 981
- Duchy of Naples, a former Byzantine province, a hereditary principality from 840
- Duchy of Gaeta, its ruler took the title Duke in 933
- Duchy of Amalfi, its ruler took the title Duke in 958
- Duchy of Sorrento, usually under the authority of Amalfi
- Emirate of Bari, an Arab state, founded in 847, conquered in 871
- Emirate of Sicily, independent from 965
- County of Aversa, a Norman fief of Naples from 1030, conquered Capua in 1058
- County of Sicily, the Norman conquest began in 1071, and was finished in 1091; the conquest of Malta was finished in 1127
- Duchy of Apulia and Calabria, the supreme Norman authority on the peninsula from 1047