Slovene verbs

In Slovene grammar, verbs are a part of speech.

Grammatical categories

Persons and numbers

Slovene has three grammatical numbers: singular, dual, plural.
It also has three grammatical persons:

First person, used to refer to the speaker or a group the speaker is a part of.
Second person, used to refer to the listener or for a general subject.
Third person, used to refer to a person who participates in a conversation, when there is no subject and when the subject is not in the nominative case.

The first and third person are used when talking to children. The second person can be used instead of the first when one is talking to themself and wants to sound detached.

Tenses

In Slovene, there are four grammatical tenses:

The present tense.
The past or preterite tense.
The pluperfect tense.
The future tense.

Moods

There are four grammatical moods:

Indicative mood, which is used to state a fact or opinion in any tense.
Imperative mood, which is used to give commands in the present tense.
Conditional mood, which is used to state possibilities or wishes in the present or preterite tenses.
Optative or hortative mood, which is used to give commands, for assumptions, and for encouragement in all tenses. In Slovene literature, it is considered an extension of the indicative and conditional mood.

Non-finite forms

There are several non-finite verbs:

Long infinitive in -ti/-či and short infinitive in -t/-č. The latter is only used in informal situations.
Supine in -t/-č.
Two present active participles, in -č and in -e, indicating ongoing action.
Two past active participles, in -l and in -ši, indicating a past or completed action.
A past passive participle in -n or -t, indicating an action having been performed on something.
Gerund, indicating an act or a thing being acted upon.

Aspect

As in all Slavic languages, Slovene verbs are classified based on their grammatical aspect:

Perfective verbs represent a completed action.
Imperfective which represent an ongoing action.

Most verbs occur in pairs to express the same meaning with different aspects. For example, the concept of jumping is expressed in the 2 different aspects is, which has an imperfective aspect and can roughly be translated as to be jumping , and, which has a perfective aspect and can roughly be translated as to jump . While each aspect is represented by a full verb with its own distinct conjugation, certain combinations are not or rarely used in one aspect or the other. For example, imperfective verbs generally lack a past passive participle, while perfective verbs usually have no present participles. Additionally, the present tense has 2 different meanings depending on the aspect of a verb. For imperfective verbs, it has present meaning, while for perfective verbs, it has a future meaning expressing a desire to carry out the action. For example, To kravo hočem prodati. "I want to sell the cow".

Transitivity

As well, verbs can be classified based on their transitivity. Many verbs in Slovene can be both transitive and intransitive depending on their use in a sentence. However, all reflexive verbs, which are marked by the pronoun, are intransitive.

Impersonal verbs

There are also impersonal verbs; these can only have forms for third person and participles in neuter gender. These are mostly verbs to describe weather, such as 'to rain' and 'to thunder'.

Voices

There are three voices: active, passive, and reflexive. Active and reflexive voice can be in all tenses, while passive voice cannot be in pluperfect or past conditional.

Verb classes

Verbs are often classified into six classes, depending on their verbal suffix in infinitive:

Class I has no verbal suffix, e. g. 'carry' and 'drink'.
Class II has suffix -ni-, e. g. 'sink, sag'.
Class III has suffix -e- or -a- and -i- in present stem, e. g. 'sit' and 'scream'.
Class IV has suffix -i-, e. g. 'aim'.
Class V has suffixes -a-, -va-, -ja-, -ˈava-, -ˈeva-, -ira-, or -izira-, e. g. 'weave' and 'write'.
Class VI has suffixes -ovˈa- or -evˈa-, e. g. 'buy'

Accentual types

There are several different accentual types, that can be divided differently. It is rarely divided the same way as in Proto-Slavic because all the accent shifts have made such division impractical. It is usually divided where the accent is situated and thus the verbs are divided into seven groups.

Accent is not directly before the endings
Accent is directly before infinitive ending and not directly before present indicative endings
Accent can be on two different vowels in infinitive
Accent is on other vowel in infinitive and present indicative
Accent is on the last vowel ; currently, only verb and its derivatives follows this pattern. In the past, verbs and also followed this pattern.
Accent is directly before the endings
Accent is not directly before infinitive ending and directly before present indicative endings

Polite forms

Slovene has T–V distinction and has many different polite forms. See T–V distinction in the world's languages § Slovene for when they are used.

Forms showed here are forms.
is formed by replacing second person singular with plural, participles are in masculine forms.
is formed by replacing second person singular with plural, but participles stay in singular.
is formed by replacing second person and third person singular with third person plural, participles are in masculine forms.
is formed by replacing second person with third person, participles are in neuter forms.

Morphological structure

Verbs in Slovene have a complex morphological structure as they consist of several phonemes. The core of a verb form prefixes, roots and root suffixes. Root is the only of these three morphemes that is not optional and other morphemes are added to it. In most cases only one is present in a verb, but there are also verbs with more than one root, e. g. 'to urbanize'. Prefixes often indicate a perfective verb. Most verbs have none or one prefix, but some can also have more, such as 'split evenly'. Root suffixes are not so common; an example would be 'cut wood' or 'to urbanize'. These parts together convey the meaning of a verb.
The stem is formed by adding a verbal suffix, which influences the aspect and the conjugation. Verbs have two stems. The present stem forms the base for all forms of the present indicative and the imperative, as well as the present participles. The infinitive stem forms the infinitives, supine, gerund, and past participles.
Stem is then followed by the form suffix, e. g. -ti for long infinitive, -l for past active participle and -i for imperative. The suffix is then followed by the ending, which is specific for each person/number/case. There are also free morphemes, such as 'pretend', 'make mistakes' or 'love'.

Conjugation

Only the present indicative, the imperative and the non-finite forms are usually formed synthetically, by changing the form of the verb directly. All other forms are periphrastic, and are formed using auxiliary verbs or other additional words.
Verbs are separated based on the ending vowel of their stem.

Present indicative

In present indicative, verbs have mostly the same endings across all declensions, but those following accentual type II D, III, IV, and some following II A can also have a special stylistically marked ending in third person plural. Those that have ending -ø-m have the infix -s- in second person plural and second / third person dual. The extra -e- is added to the endings when the verb stem ends in a consonant. This -e- causes changes to stems ending in -k- or -g- ; these become -č- and -ž- before the present tense endings.
The special ending in third person plural are always acute, but otherwise do not change the accent, except for the lengthening of short vowels. Verbs following II B, II C and III can be either acute or allow both accents in infinitive, but that does not affect the further accent changes. Verbs following II D, when accented on the same vowel on the stem as in infinitive also have the same accent. Dialectally, verbs in -ø-m can also omit the -s- infix, and it is common for speakers of Littoral dialect group to add the infix elsewhere, as well as to use the ending -do. Ending -o can also have some verbs in -ø-ti -e-m e.g.,,, as well as all vowels in -ø-ti -je-m, e. g..
Forms in brackets are not officially recognized to be correct in standard Slovene. All verbs in -i-m can archaically have short accent on the last syllable in dual and plural, as well as verb.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is used to give commands, and only exists in the present tense. There are no forms for the third person plural, and use for first and third person singular and third person dual is stylistically marked.
The following endings are added to the present stem of a verb, to form the present indicative. If the present stem ends in -a-, the initial -i- of the ending changes to a -j-. Present stems ending with other vowels drop their final vowel. If the present stem ends in a vowel followed by -j-, then the initial -i- of the ending is omitted. The endings also cause changes to stems ending in -k- or -g- ; these become -c- and -z-, respectively before the imperative endings, although colloquially they keep the same consonants as in present indicative.
Verbs change accent in imperative based on the accent in infinitive and indicative, as well as where in the word the accent is:

Accentual type II A, circumflex indicative: singular is acute if the accent is not on the last syllable, otherwise it allows both accents, except final open-mid e, which is circumflex. In dual and plural, accent is circumflex if the accent is on the penultimate syllable, otherwise it is acute.
Accentual type II C and III, circumflex indicative: accent is circumflex if on the last syllable in singular and on the penultimate syllable in dual and plural, otherwise it is acute.
Accentual type II and III, cute indicative: singular is acute, but allows both accents on the last syllable. In dual and plural, accent is circumflex if the accent is on the penultimate syllable, otherwise it is acute.
Accentual type III, short accent in indicative: accent is acute, except on the penultimate syllable in dual and plural.
Accentual type IV: accent is acute except on the last syllable in singular and penultimate syllable in dual and plural, where it is circumflex.
Some acute verbs following accentual type I can in imperative follow II B. The accent therefore changes the same way as with those.
Acute verbs following accentual type III that are circumflex in passive participle and the accent is on the same syllable in indicative can be acute or circumflex.
Verbs, and change the accent irregularly.
All verbs that change the accentuated vowel, except accentual type III, are in many dialects always accentuated on the first vowel throughout.

Examples:Pospravi svojo sobo. Pojdimo se igrat.

Jaz delaj in garaj, ti pa boš zapravljal.
Pa bodi po tvojem.

Present active participles

There are two present active participles, which are used almost exclusively with imperfective verbs. They correspond to the English participle in -ing, and indicate ongoing or current action.
The first is an adjectival participle. It is formed by adding -eč to verbs with present stem in -i- or those ending in p/b/v + -e- or rarely any other consonant, -joč to verbs with present stem in -a-, and -oč to other verbs with present stem ending in -e-. It declines as a regular soft adjective with fixed accent and is compared periphrastically. Adverb ending in -če is used when the participle is adjectivalized.
The accent is the same for all accentual types, however it is differentiated between different endings. The accent is always on the final o or e. o is long close-mid, but can be short in masculine singular nominative form when it is used as an adjective. e is short in masculine singular nominative form and long close-mid in others, but can also be long close-mid in all forms if not used as an adjective.
The accent is acute, except in masculine singular nominative form, where it allows both accents.
Examples:

Otrok, ki joka, je jokajoč otrok.
V sobo je vstopil glasno pojoč.
Vprašanje ga je boleče prizadelo.

The second is an adverbial participle. It was originally the nominative singular of the first participle, which had an irregular form. It is formed by removing -č from the first participle and changing -o to -e. For verbs whose infinitive stem ends in -ova-ti or -eva-ti and some in -a-ti -a-m/-e-m, infinitive stem is used instead. Verbs with present stem in -uje-m usually also take the infinitive verbal suffix, but archaic form is made with present suffix. Again, the accent depends fully on the type of ending and not on the accentual type. If the accent is on the last syllable, then it allows both accents, otherwise it is circumflex.

	Ending	Example
-a-m	-a-je
-a-m	-a-je
-i-m	-ø-e
-e-m	-ø-e
-je-m	-ø-e
-uje-m		/
-ø-m	-ø-de
-ova-ti	-ova-je
-eva-ti	-eva-je

Example:Sede se je pretegnil.

Infinitives and supine

There are 2 verbal nouns: the infinitive, which can be long or short and the supine.
The long infinitive is the basic verb form found in dictionaries, and ends in -ti.
The supine and short infinitive are formed by dropping the last -i of the infinitive. Supine is used after verbs that designate motion. For example, the supine would be used in the following sentences :

V novi svet so odšli iskat bogastvo.
Pojdi se solit.
Stekli smo pogasit ogenj.

When the infinitive or supine ending is attached to an infinitive stem ending in a consonant, that consonant may change, as follows:

-p-ti → -ps-ti
-b-ti → -bs-ti
-d-ti → -s-ti
-jd-ti → -j-ti
-t-ti → -s-ti
-st-ti → -s-ti
-z-ti → -s-ti
-g-ti → -č-i
-k-ti → -č-i

However, there is an accentual difference between short infinitive and supine. In addition, accent in supine is in some accentual types different between perfective and imperfective verbs. Short infinitive has the same accent as supine of perfective verbs, except for two irregular verbs detailed below. The accent is determined by the accentual type, as well as stem vowel and the position in a word:

Supine is circumflex if the last syllable is accentuated, otherwise it is acute, except verbs that are circumflex in the infinitive – these are always circumflex.
Verbs following accentual type I, II B, II D and IV have acute accent on the stem on same syllable as long infinitive.
Other accentual types can have short accent on the last syllable, long accent on the last syllable or long accent on non-final syllable.
Verbs in -č-ø-i and j-ø-ti follow the same accentual changes as other -ø-ti, but the -st changes into -č and -jt, respectively. The examples given below are added just to illustrate those changes and not to have separate accent changes.

Verbs in -č-ø-i usually have short infinitive and supine in -č-ø-ø, but some dialects add -t at the end, which is also common in colloquial speech.
Some verbs in -a-ti following accentual type II A, II C or III can follow two subpatterns, which are also present in participle in -l. The first subpattern has long accent in supine of imperfective verbs and masculine nominative singular form of participle in -l. The second subpattern transfers the accent to the syllable before and only exists in accentual types II C and III. Verbs in -e-ti -i-m following accentual type III can also have either long close-mid or short open-mid vowel in short infinitive.

Past active participles

There are two kinds of past active participle, used with different functions.
The l-participle exists for all verbs, and is used mainly to form the past and future tense. It is further split into two categories; the descriptive l-participle is used only for analytical forms and therefore can only exist in nominative case and always has to appear with an auxiliary verb. The stative l-participle denotes a state of an object and can also be used as a stand-alone adjective, but not all verbs have it.
It is formed by adding -l to the infinitive stem. A fill vowel is inserted in the masculine singular form when attached to verbs with an infinitive stem ending in a consonant.

Infinitive	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
-a-ti	-a-ł-ø	-a-l-a	-a-l-o
-i-ti	-i-ł-ø	-i-l-a	-i-l-o
-e-ti	-e-ł-ø	-e-l-a	-e-l-o
-u-ø-ti	-u-ł-ø	-u-l-a	-e-l-o
C-ø-ti	-ə-ł-ø	-ø-l-a	-ø-l-o
-ø-či	-ə-ł-ø	-ø-l-a	-ø-l-o

Stative l-participle can be the same as the descriptive l-participle, but it sometimes changes to have a fill vowel. The accent can also change between the two.
Accentually, masculine form has the same accent as imperfective verbs in supine, with the exception being verbs in -e-ti and accentual type II D, and the tone can also change. In feminine and neuter forms, short accent lengthens if short, and shifts in accentual types II B and II C.
Verbs in -e-ti, when the supine is accentuated on the last syllable, can have either long close-mid or short accent on e in masculine form. Verbs in -r-e-ti lose the e and the accent is on r. Verbs following accentual type II D have short accent on the last syllable.
Tone is determined by the tone in long infinitive and present indicative, as well as accent length and position in masculine form and accentual type. Based on the accent in masculine form, verbs can belong to one of three groups:

Long accent on the last syllable
Short accent on the last syllable
Long accent that is not on the last syllable

Similarly to imperative, the accent of some verbs following accentual type I can also shift to the next syllable. In these forms, accentual changes are the same as for verbs following accentual type II C.
There are also exceptions; verbs in prefix + that do not have an alternative version ending in and verbs in prefix +, which may change to -jti allow both accents in masculine form, the latter ones also in all other forms.
It further declines as a regular fixed or mobile accent adjective and is compared periphrastically. Other forms have the same accent as neuter gender.
Types where accent shifts between forms, however, can vary widely between dialects. Verbs following accentual type II A colloquially prefer to have fixed accent. Verbs in -i-ti can also have fixed accent on the first syllable.
Stative participles decline as regular hard adjectives with fixed accent and are compared periphrastically.
Examples:Videl sem.

Ob tej novici je prebledela.

The š-participle is also an adjectival participle, and is rarely used in modern Slovene and mostly as an adverb. It denotes completed action, and is equivalent to the English construct with having + past participle. It is formed by adding -vši to the infinitive stem. The ending is only -ši if the infinitive stem ends in a consonant. Accent is almost always circumflex and on the penultimate syllable, some can also have the same accent as l-participle. e before -vši is always close-mid, but o and e before -ši are the same as in l-participle.
The only example of š-participle used in modern Slovene is bȋvši, meaning "ex", but aside from that few other verbs have commonly used š-participle as an adjective.

	Infinitive	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Adverb
-a-ti					izdelȃvši
-i-ti					spodbudȋvši
-e-ti					zadẹ̑vši
-u-ti					čȗvši
-ø-ti		prisẹ̑dši	prisẹ̑dša	prisẹ̑dše	prisẹ̑dši
-ø-ti					splȇtši
-ø-ti					pȋvši
		/	/	/	vidẹ̑vši / vídevši

Examples:Stopivši iz hiše, se je napotil v krčmo. Prišedši gost se je usedel za mizo.

Past passive participle

This participle corresponds to the English participle in -ed or -en, and is an adjective that indicates a state of having undergone an action. It exists only for transitive verbs, and almost only if they are perfective. It is formed with two possible suffixes, -n or -t, but further formation is affected by stem, as well as accentual type. Similarly to l-participle, it is also divided into descriptive and stative passive participle.
Both accentual type and stem affect the accent position, which is marked with ˈ in the following table. If it is not marked, then it is on the same syllable on the stem as in long infinitive. All accents are long, except in -i-ti -i-m and es-ø-ti / os-ø-ti forms, as well as accentual type II D, which are short if marked.
Participle further declines as a regular fixed accent adjective and is compared periphrastically.

	I	II a	II b	II c	II d	III	IV
-a-ti	-a-n	-a̍-ø-n	-a-n	-a̍-n	/	-a̍-n	-a-n
-i-ti -i-m	-je-n	/	-je-n	-je-n	/	-je̍-n	/
-i-ti -e-m	-je-n	-i̍-ø-t	-je-n	-je-n	/	/	/
-e-ti	-e-n	-e̍-ø-t / -̍ø-ø-t*	/	-e̍-ø-t / -̍ø-ø-t*	/	-e̍-ø-t / -̍ø-ø-t*	-e-n
-u-ø-ti	/	-u̍-ø-t	/	/	/	/	/
as-ø-ti is-ø-ti ẹs-ø-ti ọs-ø-ti	/	-e-n	/	/	-e̍-n	/	/
es-ø-ti os-ø-ti	/	-e̍-n	/	/	/	/	/

When stem ending in a consonant is followed by j, it iotizes.
* These forms follow verbs ending in -r-e-ti.
The t-participle is always circumflex, while n-participle is circumflex or acute, depending on the accentual type, and accent in infinitive and present indicative:

Accentual type	Infinitive → present	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Notes
I	V̑ → V̑		rȋsana	rȋsano
I	V́ → V̑		mȋšljena	mȋšljeno
I	V́ → V́		tískana	tískano
II A	V́ → V̑		krȃdena	krȃdeno
II A	V́ → V́		ogrȋzena	ogrȋzeno
II A	V́ → V́		prebrána	prebráno	If the accent is on -a-n.
II A	V́ → V́		preneséna	preneséno	If the accent is on -e-n.
II A	V́ → V́		nājdena	nājdeno	verbs derived from.
II B	V́ → V́		zídana	zídano
II C	V́ → V̑		zaskọ̑čena	zaskọ̑čeno	If the accent is on the same vowel as in present indicative.
II C	V́ → V̑		kupována	kupováno	If the accent is not on the same vowel as in present indicative and does not have long stress on the last syllable in l-participle.
II C	V́ → V̑		posejāna	posejāno	If the accent is not on the same vowel as in present indicative and has long stress on the last syllable in l-participle.
II C	V́ → V́		podkována	podkováno
II D	V̏ → V̏		razcvəténa	razcvəténo
III	V́ → V̑		poravnána	poravnáno
III	V́ → V́		zakrȋvljena	zakrȋvljeno
III	V́ → V́		zaspána	zaspáno	If the accent is on -a-n.
III	V́ → V́		zadušéna	zadušéno	If the accent is on -e-n.
III	V́ → V́		rojéna	rojéno	Exception.
III	V́ → V́		ogrọ̄žena	ogrọ̄ženo	Exception. Same pattern also follows.
III	V́ → V̏		žgána	žgáno
IV	V́ → V́		zapovẹ̑dana	zapovẹ̑dano

Examples of this participle are:Parkiran avto je bil ukraden.

Sodišče je sodilo obtoženemu roparju. Spočit konj je čakal na dvorišču.

Gerund

Gerund is formed by adding an ending -je to the past passive participle. Accent position is the same as in the passive participle and accent is the same as in long infinitive, except when on -a-n-je or -e-n-je, when it becomes circumflex and acute, respectively. Some can also be archaically accented on the last syllable with a short accent. There are also some irregular gerunds, such as.
Gerund is also split into two categories, but most verbs can have both. There is the true gerund, which means an act of doing something, and objectified gerund, which means a thing being acted upon. Not all verbs also have objectified gerund.
Gerund declines as a regular soft o-stem nouns following first neuter declension, but some can be singularia tantum.

Negative forms

Three verbs,,, and have special negative forms in present indicative:

Future indicative

Only verbs and have special future indicative forms. For bīti, this is the only correct way, while īti can also be conjugated as other verbs.

Conditional

Verb also has a special form when used as an auxiliary verb in conditional mood and is the same for all genders and persons: bi. Full lexical verb therefore still has an analytical form bi bȉl. In an affirmative sentence, it is not stressed, however its negative forms can be accented either on or on bi.

Aorist and imperfect

Standard Slovene lost both the aorist and the imperfect, which have been replaced by the preterite. These forms exist exclusively in the Resian dialect, but are slowly fading as well. In nowaday Resian, only the verbs bə̀t "be", díwat "give", dujájat "keep up with", mé̤t, moré̤t "be able", parájat "come", and té̤t "want" still have imperfective forms, others are considered obsolete.
Only a few verbs also have an aorist, and all of these forms are considered obsolete as they cannot be understood by most people anymore. There are only three such documented forms:

hardúh " have gone"
pridúh " have come"
vzê " have taken / has taken"

Aorist and imperfect have been in use in other dialects until the 15th century and vowel clusters in imperfect have already been contracted then.

Analytical forms

Forms given here are in the way they appear in a typical sentence. However, in the dictionary form, lexical verb is first and then everything else, except in negative forms

Active voice

Past indicative

The past indicative is used to indicate events that occurred in the past. Modern Slovene does not distinguish the past tense from the perfect tense ; this distinction was common in Alpine Slovene when aorist served the past tense form.
It is formed with the auxiliary verb in the present tense, plus the l-participle of the verb. The participle must agree with the subject in number and gender. For example:

sem videl
sem videla
je odšla
so odkrili

Pluperfect indicative

The pluperfect indicative is used to indicate an action that occurred before some other future action. It is rarely used in colloquial speech, where it is replaced by the past tense.
It is formed as though it were the past tense of the past tense: the auxiliary verb in the present tense, plus the l-participle of the verb biti, plus the l-participle of the verb. The participles must agree with the subject in number and gender. For example:

sem bil videl
sem bila videla
je bila odšla
so bili odkrili

Future indicative

The future indicative tense is used to state events that will happen in the future.
The verb biti has its own unique set of future tense forms, with the stem bo-. Other verbs are usually formed using biti in the future tense, plus the l-participle of the verb. The participle must agree with the subject in number and gender. For example:

videl bom
videla bom
odšla bo
bodo odkrili

Dialectally, is used in future indicative as an auxiliary verb, followed by infinitive.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to express desires, wishes, and hypothetical conditions.
The present conditional is formed using the special particle bi, plus the l-participle of the lexical verb. The past conditional is rarely used, like the pluperfect, and is formed analogously: the particle bi, plus l-participle of the verb biti, plus the l-participle of the verb. Examples of the conditional mood are:

Če bi mi postalo slabo, mi, prosim, podajte tiste tablete.
V primeru, da bi prišlo do požara, bomo umrli.
Če bi končali prej, bi bili zdaj prosti.
Želi si, da bi bil maneken, vendar s svojimi obraznimi nečistočami nima možnosti.
O, da bi bila jesen!
O, ko bi le bila jesen!

In the 18th century, future conditional was also rarely used, which was formed by bom ''bil + l-participle, e. g. bom bil baral''. Such use has only been recorded to be in active voice.

Optative

An additional kind of imperative, which may be called the optative or hortative, is formed by using the particle with the indicative or conditional. This acts as a substitute for the imperative in the third person and other tenses as well. It is usually not translated as 'may', because nowadays use is closer to the imperative, so a more appropriate word would be 'should'. However, this kind of form has many uses, so it may also sometimes be translated as 'let' or with passive voice.

On naj mi pride pomagat.
Pa naj bo po tvojem.
Naj ti povem, kako se je zgodilo.
A naj je bil še tako utrujen, je dospel do cilja..
Ta proces naj bi povzročale glivice.

Negative forms

It is formed by simply adding in front of the verb, only naj is before. In dictionary forms, the lexical verbs is in last place, except where it combines with the auxiliary verb:

Nas ni nihče vprašal.
Ne bi ga rad srečal.
Bolje je ne delati kot delati škodo.
Delal nisem nič manj kot drugi.

Passive & reflexive voice

The passive voice is formed using the passive past participle of the verb and auxiliary verbs. Reflexive voice is formed by turning a verb into a reflexive verb, by adding the reflexive pronoun to the verb. Passive and reflexive voice is formed as shown in this table:
An example of the passive voice is:

Izvoljen je bil za člana Kraljeve družbe.

However, this is more commonly stated using the active voice with an impersonal form of the third person plural :

Slovene verbs

Grammatical categories

Persons and numbers

Tenses

Moods

Non-finite forms

Aspect

Transitivity

Impersonal verbs

Voices

Verb classes

Accentual types

Polite forms

Morphological structure

Conjugation

Present indicative

Imperative mood

Present active participles

Infinitives and supine

Past active participles

Past passive participle

Gerund

Negative forms

Future indicative

Conditional

Aorist and imperfect

Analytical forms

Active voice

Past indicative

Pluperfect indicative

Future indicative

Conditional mood

Optative

Negative forms

Passive & reflexive voice

Full conjugation of a regular verb

General

Dialectal and obsolete conjugation

Examples