Siddur


A siddur is a Jewish prayer book containing a set order of Jewish prayers and blessings|daily prayers]. The word comes from the Hebrew root, meaning 'order.'
Other terms for prayer books are tefillot among Sephardi Jews, tefillah among German Jews, and tiklāl among Yemenite Jews.

History

The earliest parts of Jewish prayer books are the Shema Yisrael and the Priestly Blessing, which are in the Torah. A set of eighteen blessings called the Shemoneh Esreh or the Amidah, is traditionally ascribed to the Great Assembly in the time of Ezra, at the end of the biblical period.
The name Shemoneh Esreh, literally "eighteen", is a historical anachronism, since it now contains nineteen blessings. It was only near the end of the Second Temple period that the eighteen prayers of the weekday Amidah became standardized. Even at that time their precise wording and order was not yet fixed, and varied from locale to locale. Many modern scholars believe that parts of the Amidah came from the Hebrew apocryphal work Ben Sira.
According to the Talmud, soon after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem a formal version of the Amidah was adopted at a rabbinical council in Yavne, under the leadership of Gamaliel II and his colleagues. However, the precise wording was still left open. The order, general ideas, opening and closing lines were fixed. Most of the wording was left to the individual reader. It was not until several centuries later that the prayers began to be formally fixed. By the Middle Ages the texts of the prayers were nearly fixed, and in the form in which they are still used today, albeït with significant variations across communities. Scholars generally trace the formation of fixed Jewish prayer to the Geonic period, when rabbinic leaders in Babylonia created more standardized forms of liturgy to meet the needs of their communities. During this time, the first complete siddurim appeared, including the important 10th-century prayer book compiled by Saadia Gaon. In the centuries that followed, different Jewish communities developed their own rites, shaped by local customs and halakhic interpretations.
The Siddur was printed by Soncino in Italy as early as 1486, though a Siddur was first mass-distributed only in 1865. The Siddur began appearing in the vernacular as early as 1538. The first English translation was published in London in 1738 by an author writing under the pseudonym Gamaliel ben Pedahzur; a different translation was released in the United States in 1837.

Creation

Readings from the Torah and the Nevi'im form part of the prayer services. To this framework various Jewish sages added, from time to time, various prayers, and, for festivals especially, numerous hymns.
The earliest existing codification of the prayerbook was drawn up by Amram ben Sheshna of Sura Academy in Sawad, the Abbasid Caliphate, an area known as "Babylonia" in Jewish texts, about 850 CE. Half a century later, Saadia Gaon, also of Sura, composed a siddur, in which the rubrical matter is in Judeo-Arabic. These were the basis of Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry's 11th century Machzor Vitry, which was based on the ideas of his teacher, Rashi. Another formulation of the prayers was that appended by Maimonides to the Book of Love in his Mishneh Torah: this forms the basis of the Yemenite liturgy, and has had some influence on other rites. From this point forward all Jewish prayerbooks had the same basic order and contents.
Two authoritative versions of the Ashkenazi siddur were those of Shabbetai Sofer in the 16th century and Seligman Baer in the 19th century; siddurim have also been published reflecting the views of Jacob Emden and the Vilna Gaon.

Different Jewish rites

There are differences among, amongst others, the Sephardic, Teimani, Hasidic, Ashkenazic, Bené Roma or Italkim, Romaniote and also Persian, Kurdish, Bukharian, Georgian, Mountain Jewish, Ethiopian and Cochin-Jewish liturgies. Most of these are slight differences in the wording of the prayers; for instance, Oriental Sephardic and some Hasidic prayer books state "חננו מאתך חכמה בינה ודעת", "Graciously bestow upon us from You wisdom, understanding and knowledge ", in allusion to the Kabbalistic sefirot of those names, while the Nusach Ashkenaz, as well as Western Sephardic and other Hasidic versions retain the older wording "חננו מאתך דעה בינה והשכל", "Graciously bestow upon us from You knowledge, understanding, and reason". In some cases, however, the order of the preparation for the Amidah is drastically different, reflecting the different halakhic and kabbalistic formulae that the various scholars relied on in assembling their prayer books, as well as the minhagim, or customs, or their locales.
Some forms of the Sephardic rite are considered to be very overtly kabbalistic, depending on how far they reflect the ritual of Isaac Luria. This is partly because the Tetragrammaton frequently appears with varying vowel points beneath the letters and different Names of God appear in small print within the final hei of the Tetragrammaton. In some editions, there is a Psalm in the preparations for the Amidah that is printed in the outline of a menorah, and the worshipper meditates on this shape as he recites the psalm.
While the Ashkenazic rite does contain some kabbalistic elements, such as acrostics and allusions to the sefirot, these are not easily seen unless the reader is already initiated. It is notable that although many other traditions avoid using the poem Anim Zemiroth on the Sabbath, for fear that its holiness would be less appreciated due to the frequency of the Sabbath, the poem is usually sung by Ashkenazi congregations before concluding the Sabbath Musaf service with the daily psalm. The ark is opened for the duration of the song.
Hasidim, though usually ethnically Ashkenazi, usually use liturgies with varying degrees of Sephardic influence, such as Nusach Sefard and Nusach Ari, in order to follow the order of the prayers set by Rabbi Isaac Luria, often called "Ari HaKadosh", or "The Holy Lion". Although the Ari himself was born Ashkenazi, he borrowed many elements from Sephardi and other traditions, since he felt that they followed Kabbalah and Halacha more faithfully. The Ari did not publish any siddur, but orally transmitted his particular usages to his students with interpretations and certain meditations. Many siddurim containing some form of the Sephardic rite together with the usages of the Ari were published, both by actual Sephardic communities and for the use of Hasidim and other Ashkenazim interested in Kabbalah. In 1803, Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi compiled an authoritative siddur from the sixty siddurim that he checked for compliance with Hebrew grammar, Jewish law, and Kabbalah: some call this siddur "Nusach Ari", and is used by Lubavitch Hasidim. Those that use Nusach HaAri claim that it is an all-encompassing nusach that is valid for any Jew, no matter what his ancestral tribe or identity, a view attributed to the Maggid of Mezeritch.
The Mahzor of each rite is distinguished by hymns. The most important writers are Jose ben Jose, probably in the 4th-5th century CE, chiefly known for his compositions for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur; Yannai; Eleazar Kalir, the founder of the payyetanic style, perhaps in the 7th century; Saadia Gaon; the Spanish school, consisting of Joseph ibn Abitur, ibn Gabirol, Isaac Gayyath, Moses ibn Ezra, Abraham ibn Ezra and Judah ha-Levi, Moses ben Nahman and Isaac Luria; and the Ashkenazic and French schools including Shimon bar Yitzchak, Meir bar Yitzchak and many others.
The Ari recited only early piyyutim, such as those by Eleazar Kalir, but did not like the Sephardic piyyutim. Therefore, on holidays he would daven with Ashkenazim—as opposed to his practice the rest of the year to daven with Sephardim—in order to recite their piyyutim, which include many more earlier piyyutim. For this reason, many Hasidim recite many piyyutim on Yom Tov and the sabbaths of the four special portions preceding Passover in accordance with the practice of the Ari. However, in Sephardic communities which accepted most of the practices of the Ari, they never accepted the Ashkenazic piyyutim.

Complete and weekday siddurim

Some siddurim have only prayers for weekdays; others have prayers for weekdays and Shabbat. Many have prayers for weekdays, Shabbat, and the three Biblical festivals, Sukkot, Shavuot and Pesach. The latter are referred to as a Siddur Shalem.

Variations and additions on holidays

  • There are many additional liturgical variations and additions to the siddur for the Yamim Noraim. As such, a special siddur has developed for just this period, known as a mahzor. The mahzor contains not only the basic liturgy, but also many piyyutim, Hebrew liturgical poems. Sometimes the term mahzor is also used for the prayer books for the Three Pilgrimage Festivals, Pesach, Shavuot and Sukkot.
  • On Tisha b'Av, a special siddur is used that includes the text of the Book of Lamentations, the Torah and Haftarah readings for that day, and Kinnot or special mournful piyyutim for that day. This siddur is usually called "Kinot" as well. Traditionally, every year many Jews hope that the Messiah will come and the Third Temple will be rebuilt, so Tisha b'Av will not happen again. So after the fast ends, many traditions place their Kinot siddurim in a geniza, or a burial place for sacred texts.

    Popular siddurim

Below are listed many popular siddurim used by religious Jews. This list mostly excludes prayer books specifically for the High Holidays; see Machzor (Popular versions).

Ashkenazi Orthodox

Hebrew only

  • Siddur and ', also known as the Rodelheim Siddur. Edited by Wolf Heidenheim and in use in many editions for the last two hundred years, and they are still used in many Yekkish communities. In the same general family is the ', edited by Seligman Baer; the siddur contains the piyyutim for shabbatot, and there are two version containing the piyyutim of the Western and Eastern Ashkenazic rites.
  • Siddur Rinat Yisrael, Hotsa'at Moreshet, Bnei Brak, Israel. This siddur provides a translation of Aramaic texts.
  • Siddur Tefilas Kol Peh, first published 1964 by Eshkol
  • Siddur Tefilas Sh'ai, Feldheim Publishers : Israel/New York
  • Siddur HaGra
  • Siddur Aliyos Eliyahu
  • Siddur Ezor Eliyahu - An attempt to reconstruct the actual Nusach of the Vilna Gaon
  • ''Siddur Kol Bo''

    With English translation

  • The Authorised Daily Prayer Book, ed. Joseph Hertz. NY, Block Publ'g Co., rev. ed. 1948.
  • Siddur Ha-Shalem Ed. Philip Birnbaum. The Hebrew Publishing Company.
  • , ed. Rabbi Basil Herring
  • The Metsudah Siddur: A New Linear Prayer Book Ziontalis.
  • The Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the British Commonwealth, translation by Chief Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks
  • The Artscroll Siddur, Mesorah Publications The "great innovation" of the Artscroll was that it was the first siddur that "made it possible for even a neophyte ba’al teshuvah to function gracefully in the act of prayer, bowing at the correct junctures, standing, sitting and stepping back" at the correct place in the service.
  • Koren Sacks Siddur, Koren Publishers Jerusalem: based on latest Singer's prayer book, above
  • Siddur , the complete Shabbat siddur in the projected siddur Nehalel series, which contain photographs juxtaposed with the text to depict its meaning and enhance kavanah, a central requirement of authentic prayer.
  • A rendering of both the siddur and the entire high holy day prayer book into English rhymed verse has been made by Rabbi Dr. Jeffrey M Cohen. The Siddur in Poetry and The Machzor in Poetry.

    Other translations

  • Siddur Siach Yitzchak, Nederlands-Israelitisch Kerkgenootschap, Amsterdam 1975
  • Siddur Sefat Emet, Selig Bamberger the German translation of Siddur Sfat Emet: Gebetbuch der Israeliten. Victor Goldschmidt-Verlag, Basel 1999 ISBN 3-85705-017-9

    Hasidic">Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic or [Nusach Sefard] Siddurim

  • Siddur Et Ratzon
    Hebrew only
  • , Zolkeve 1781. This is the siddur of the Kloyze in Brod, and is arguably the first Nusach Sefard siddur.
  • "Siddur Tefilah Yesharah," first published circa 1800, was later reprinted with the early Hasidic commentary "Keser Nehora" by Rabbi Aharon Hakohen of Zhelichov. This became known as the "Berditchever Siddur." The Berditchever Siddur has been reprinted many times, more recently by Rabbi Meir Yechezkel Weiner and Pe’er.
  • Beis Aharon V'Yisrael is the second published siddur ever produced by Karliner Chassidim. It superseded Siddur Beis Aharon V'Yisrael published by Rebbe Yochanan Perlow.
  • Siddur Torah Or.
  • ''Siddur Tefillah La-El Chayi''
    With English translation
  • The Breslov Siddur published in a 2014 hardcover edition is one of the few Hasidic siddurim available in an English language translation. Translated by Avraham Sutton and Chaim Kramer. Y. Hall is the editor.
  • Siddur Tehillat HaShem, available in a Hebrew-English version. Also available in Hebrew-Russian and Hebrew-German as well as in Hebrew-French, Hebrew-Spanish and Hebrew only.
  • Many publishing houses have Nusach Sefard versions of the siddur, including ArtScroll, Tefillat Kol Peh, Koren-Sacks and Rinat Yisrael. However, a number of Hasidic groups have published their own variations of Nusach Sefard, including the communities of Spinka, Bobov, Munkatch, Slonim, Vizhnitz, Biala and Boston. Many Hasidim follow a unique version of Nusach Sefard - for example, all of the branches of Chernobyl hasidim recite ויקרב קץ משיחיה in the Kaddish. In Belz and Dushinsky, the Shemoneh Esrei is recited similarly to the Ashkenazic rite.
    Other translations
  • Siddur Tehillat HaShem is also available with a Spanish, French, Russian and German translation.

    Italian Rite

  • . This is the first machzor of any type ever printed.
  • The Complete Italian Rite Machazor
  • Mahzor Ke-Minhag Roma, ed. Robert Bonfil, Jerusalem 2012,
  • Angelo Piattelli and Hillel Sermoneta, Seder Tefilloth ke-minhag benè Roma, Jerusalem 2014. A full set of Machzorim is also available .

    Romaniote Rite

  • The Romaniote Rite, 2017/18 (a series containing the Siddur, Piyyutim, the Haftarot readings and a Haggadah according to the old Romaniote Rite
  • , Venice 1524.
  • , Venice 1665. Most of the piyyutim included in the previous edition have been eliminated.
  • "Mekor Chayim: A Reform Liturgy for Erev Shabbat Based on the Romaniote Rite", Greenberg, Yonatan, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati, 236 pages, 2018.

    Sephardic

Israel and diaspora

These siddurim follow the halakha of Rabbi Ovadia Yosef a Talmudic scholar, and authority on Jewish religious law, and spiritual leader of Israel's ultra-orthodox Shas party. Yosef believed that the Sephardic halakhic tradition favoured leniency, and these principles are reflected in his siddurim.
please note, these siddurim are also for the Edot Ha-mizrach communities.
  • Ohr V’Derech Sephardic Siddur
  • Siddur Yeḥavveh Daat
  • Siddur Avodat Ha-shem
  • Siddur Ḥazon Ovadia
  • Siddur L'maan Shmo
  • ''Siddur Ha-Miforash Kavanat Halev''

    Sephardic Women's Siddur

Some notable editions are:
  • Avodat Hashem -l'bat yisrael- with psalms
  • Ha-Siddur Ha-Meforash Kavanat Halev -l'bat yisrael- with psalms
  • ''Avodah Shebalev- L'bat yisrael- with psalms''

    Spanish and Portuguese Jews

'
  • Book of Prayer of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews’ Congregation, London. Volume One: Daily and occasional prayers. Oxford, 5725 - 1965.
  • ' David de Sola Pool, New York: Union of Sephardic Congregations, 1960.

    Greek, Turkish and Balkan Sephardim


  • Mahzor LeYom Kippur-Proseuchologion tes hemeras tou Exilasmou According to the Sephardic Rite of Thessalonike, Athens 1969
  • Siddur Sha'arei Tefillah-Ai Pylai ton Proseuchon Prayerbook for the whole year, Athens 1974
  • Siddur Zehut Yosef According to the Rhodes and Turkish Traditions, Hazzan Isaac Azose, Seattle, Washington: Sephardic Traditions Foundation, 2002

    North African Jews


  • Siddur Od Abinu Ḥai ed. Levi Nahum: Jerusalem
  • Mahzor Od Abinu Ḥai ed. Levi Nahum : Jerusalem
  • Siddur Vezaraḥ Hashemesh, ed. Messas: Jerusalem
  • Siddur Ish Matzliaḥ, ed. Mazuz, Machon ha-Rav Matzliah: B'nei Brak
  • Siddur Farḥi
  • Siddur Tefillat ha-Ḥodesh, ed. David Levi, Erez : Jerusalem
  • Siddur Patah Eliyahou, ed. Joseph Charbit, Colbo: Paris
  • Mahzor Zechor le-Avraham, Yarid ha-Sefarim : Jerusalem
  • Siddur Darchei Avot
  • ''Siddur Oro shel Olam''

    Middle Eastern Mizrachim (Sephardim)

''''
Edot Ha-mizrach (Iraqi)
  • Tefillat Yesharim: Jerusalem, Manṣur
  • Siddur Od Yosef Ḥai
  • Kol Eliyahu, ed. Mordechai Eliyahu
  • Siddur Rinat Yisrael -, Hotsa'at Moreshet, Bnei Brak, Israel.
    Syrian">Syrian Jews">Syrian
  • The Aram Soba Siddur: According to the Sephardic Custom of Aleppo Syria Rabbi Moshe Antebi, Jerusalem: Aram Soba Foundation, 1993
  • Siddur Abodat Haleb / Prayers from the Heart Rabbi Moshe Antebi, Lakewood, New Jersey: Israel Book Shop, 2002
  • Kol Yaacob: Sephardic Heritage Foundation, New York, 1990.
  • Bet Yosef ve-Ohel Abraham: Jerusalem, Manṣur
  • Orḥot Ḥayim, ed. Yedid: Jerusalem 1995
  • Siddur Kol Mordechai, ed. Faham bros: Jerusalem 1984
  • Abir Yaakob, ed. Haber: Sephardic Press
  • Orot Sephardic Siddur, Eliezer Toledano: Lakewood, New Jersey, Orot Inc.
  • Maḥzor Shelom Yerushalayim, ed. Albeg: New York, Sephardic Heritage Foundation 1982

    Yemenite Jews (Teimanim)

Baladi

The Baladi Jews follow the legal rulings of the Rambam as codified in his work the Mishneh Torah. Rabbi Yiḥye Tsalaḥ revised this liturgy to end friction between traditionalists and Kabbalists who followed the innovations of the Ari. This prayer book makes very few additions or changes and substantially follows the older Yemenite tradition as it had existed prior to this conflict.
  • Siddur Tiklal, Yiḥyah Salaḥ ben Yehuda, 1800
  • Siddur Shivat Tzion, Rabbi Yosef Qafih, 1950s
  • Siddur Siaḥ Yerushalayim, Rabbi Yosef Qafih
  • Siddur Tiklal: Torath Avoth
  • Tiklal Ha-Mefoar Nosaḥ Baladi, Meyusad Al Pi Ha-Tiklal Im Etz Hayim Ha-Shalem Arukh K'Minhag Yahaduth Teiman: Bene Berak : Or Neriyah ben Mosheh Ozeri,

    Shami

The Shami Jews represent those who accepted the Sephardic rite, after being exposed to new inexpensive, typeset prayer books brought from Israel and the Sephardic diaspora by envoys and merchants in the late 17th century and 18th century. The "local rabbinic leadership resisted the new versions....Nevertheless, the new prayer books were widely accepted." As part of that process, the Shami modified their rites to accommodate the usages of the Ari to the maximum extent. The text of the Shami siddur now largely follows the Sephardic tradition, though the pronunciation, chant and customs are still Yemenite in flavour.
All of the following are published by the Central Conference of American Rabbis:
  • Union Prayer Book, vol. 1 , 1892, 1895, 1918, 1940; vol. 2 , 1894, 1922, 1945
  • Weekday Afternoon and Evening Services for Use in the Synagogue and the House of Mourning, 1957
  • Gates of Prayer series of siddurim:
  • * Gates of Prayer: The New Union Prayer Book, 1975
  • * Gates of Prayer for Weekdays and at a House of Mourning, 1975
  • * Gates of Prayer: Afternoon and Evening Services and Prayers for the House of Mourning, 1978
  • * Gates of Prayer for Shabbat: A Gender Sensitive Prayerbook, 1992
  • * Gates of Prayer for Weekdays and at a House of Mourning: A Gender Sensitive Prayerbook, 1992
  • * Gates of Prayer for Weekdays: A Gender Sensitive Prayerbook, 1993
  • * Gates of Prayer for Assemblies, 1993
  • * Gates of Prayer for Shabbat and Weekdays: A Gender Sensitive Prayerbook, 1994
  • Mishkan T'filah series of siddurim:
  • * Mishkan T'filah '': A Reform Siddur: Weekdays, Shabbat, Festivals, and Other Occasions of Public Worship, 2007; ;
  • * Mishkan T'filah for Gatherings: A Reform Siddur, 2009
  • * Mishkan T'filah for Travelers: A Reform Siddur, 2009
  • * Mishkan T'filah for the House of Mourning, 2010
  • * Mishkan T'filah Journal Edition, 2010
  • * Mishkan T'filah for Children, 2013
  • * Mishkan T'filah for Youth, 2014
  • * Divrei Mishkan T'filah -- Delving into the Siddur, 2018
  • Chaveirim Kol Yisrae2018il, a Siddur for Chavurot, 2000 a Project of The Progressive Chavurah Siddur Committee of Boston
  • Seder ha-Tefillot: Forms of Prayer: Movement for Reform Judaism, London 2008, ; Official prayer book of the Reform movement in Britain
  • 's Siddur B'chol L'vav'cha, for Friday night services; Publisher: Congregation Beth Simchat Torah ; ;
  • Siddur Sha'ar Zahav, the first complete prayer book to address the lives and needs of LGBTQ as well as straight Jews; Publisher: J Levine Judaica & ; ;
  • Seder Tov Lehodot: Teksten, gebeden en diensten voor weekdagen, Sjabbat en andere gelegenheden'', Amsterdam 2000, Verbond van Liberaal-Religieuze Joden in Nederland now Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom;

    Reconstructionist Judaism

Prayer books edited by Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan and others:
  • Sabbath Prayer Book, Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, 1945
  • High Holiday Prayer Book, Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, 1948
  • Supplementary Prayers and Readings for the High Holidays, Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, 1960
  • Festival Prayer Book, Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, 1958
  • Daily Prayer Book, Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, 1963
  • Hadesh Yameinu : a book of Jewish prayer and meditation, edited and translated by Rabbi Ronald Aigen. Montreal, 1996.
Kol Haneshamah Prayerbook series, ed. David Teutsch:
  • Erev Shabbat: Shabbat Eve, Reconstructionist Press, 1989; 2nd edition, 1993
  • Shirim Uvrahot: Songs, Blessings and Rituals for the Home, Reconstructionist Press, 1991, 1998
  • Shabbat Vehagim: Sabbath and Festivals, Reconstructionist Press, 1994; 3rd edition
  • Limot Hol: Daily Prayerbook, Reconstructionist Press, 1996; Reprint edition
  • Mahzor Leyamim Nora'im: Prayerbook for the Days of Awe, Reconstructionist Press, 1999; Fordham University Press; Bilingual edition
  • T'filot L'veit HaEvel: Prayers for a House of Mourning, Reconstructionist Press, 2001; Jewish Reconstructionist Federation

    Jewish Renewal

  • Sh'ma': A Concise Weekday Siddur For Praying in English by Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2010.

    Feminist siddurim

  • Siddur Nashim: a Sabbath prayerbook for women by Naomi Janowitz and Margaret Moers Wenig; 1976.
  • Siddur Birkat Shalom by the Havurat Shalom Siddur Project; Havurat Shalom, 1991.
Siddur Nashim, by Margaret Wenig and Naomi Janowitz in 1976, was the first Jewish prayer book to refer to God using female pronouns and imagery.
Reconstructionist Rabbi Rebecca Alpert commented:
Following in the footsteps of feminist prayerbooks, liberal prayerbooks tend increasingly to avoid male-specific words and pronouns, seeking that all references to God in translations be made in gender-neutral language. For example, the UK Liberal movement's Siddur Lev Chadash does so, as does the UK Reform Movement's Forms of Prayer. In Mishkan T'filah, the American Reform Jewish prayer book released in 2007, references to God as "He" have been removed, and whenever Jewish patriarchs are named, so also are the matriarchs.

Humanistic and atheist siddurim

  • Celebration: A Ceremonial and Philosophic Guide for Humanists and Humanistic Jews by Sherwin T. Wine; Prometheus Books, 1988
  • A Humanistic Siddur of Spirituality and Meaning by David Rabeeya; Xlibris Corporation, 2005
  • Liturgical Experiments: A Siddur for the Sceptical in Hebrew, by Tzemah Yoreh
Yoreh writes about his work: "I think prayer is communal and private expression of hopes, fears, an appreciation of aesthetic beauty, good attributes. But that has nothing to do with God."

Other siddurim

There are also some Karaite, Samaritan and Sabbatean prayer books.