Shakushain's revolt
The revolt of Shakushain was an Ainu rebellion against Japanese authority on Hokkaidō between 1669 and 1672 in the Edo period. It was led by Ainu chieftain Shakushain against the Matsumae clan, who represented Japanese trading and governmental interests in the area of Hokkaidō, then controlled by the Japanese.
Background
The Matsumae clan were given the area around present-day Matsumae, Hokkaidō, what would become the Matsumae Domain, as a march fief in 1590 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. They were charged with defending it, and by extension the whole of Japan, from the Ainu "barbarians" of the north.Trade between the Ainu and the Yamato changed greatly over time. In the early days, the Ainu often traveled to the Matsumae domain to carry out trade, and could freely trade with anyone. However, in the first half of the 17th century, the Tokugawa shogunate officially granted the Matsumae clan exclusive rights to trade with the Ainu in the northern part of the island. The Matsumae then began to grant the trading right with the Ainu to their samurai as a substitute for a fief. The samurai were assigned trading posts set up in various parts of Hokkaidō to trade with the Ainu. The samurai began to force trade goods on the unwilling Ainu, and to overfish salmon using large nets. Furthermore, in 1665, the Matsumae set the exchange rate at a disadvantage to the Ainu. It is believed that this type of trade caused growing dissatisfaction among the Ainu towards the Yamato.
Revolt
In 1669, the revolt began as a fight for resources between Shakushain's people and another Ainu clan led by Hae in the Shibuchari River basin of what is now Shinhidaka, Hokkaidō. After Shakushain killed Hae's son, Hae sent emissaries to the Matsumae to request arms and potential remediation. While travelling back members of the emissaries died of smallpox, with reports reaching Hae and Shakushain that they had been poisoned by the Matsumae. As a result, Shakushain called on all the Ainu of Hokkaido to work together to fight the Matsumae. The Ainu coalition demanded complete political independence from the Matsumae and Yamato, and a return to the direct trading rights with Honshū, instead of the Matsumae mediated trade currently in place. The Ainu began to attack Yamato people and ships in Hokkaidō, and they also aimed to capture the colonial cities in the Matsumae Domain.At the end of 1669, Shakushain's forces surrendered to the Matsumae, assassinated by Matsumae warriors. Afterwards, the war lasted for about three years. The rebellion was eventually quashed, with Shogun Tokugawa Ienobu rewarding the Matsumae for this result.
Historian Brett Walker highlights the rebellion as a watershed moment in the history of the Yamato Japanese conquest of Hokkaido, as it solidified the future involvement of Japanese state powers in colonising Hokkaido instead of it being left to the local Matsumae clan:
The war of Shakushain stands out as a watershed event in the history of the conquest of Ezo. Shakushain exploded onto the scene as a charismatic leader who proved able to bridge regional differences among Ainu communities, threatening to unite them against the Japanese intrusion from the south. The Tokugawa shogunate reacted by solidifying its own united front of military allies in the northeast, replacing local Matsumae generals with men of its own choosing, thus illustrating its self-appointed role as defender of the realm.