Shaft (company)

Shaft Inc., also known as Shaft Animation Studio, is a Japanese animation studio founded in 1975 and headquartered in Suginami, Tokyo. Since 2004, the studio's productions and staff have been broadly influenced by director Akiyuki Shinbo, whose visual style and avant-garde cinematography are featured in works including Hidamari Sketch, Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei, the Monogatari series, Puella Magi Madoka Magica, Nisekoi, and March Comes In Like a Lion.

WWW shaft-web.co.jp 𝕏 shaft_official

History

1975–1984: Early sub-contracting work

Shaft was founded as a yūgen-gaisha on September 1, 1975, by ex-Mushi Production employee Hiroshi Wakao. Much of the company's early work was sub-contracting work for larger animation studios, which includes credits to cel painting and color coordination work, such as with Brave Raideen, and occasionally credits as an assistant production studio for projects including Pierrot's Urusei Yatsura: Only You. A large portion of the company's early painting work was contracted under Sunrise productions.

1984–2004: Move to animation production

In 1984, Shaft was sub-contracted by studio Zuiyo to animate the Elves of the Forest television series, marking the company's first project as a primary animation studio. Not until 1987, however, with the release of the Yume kara, Samenai original video animation, did the studio release its first wholly-original production. In the same year, the studio produced the first episode of the Taiman Blues: Naoto Shimizu-hen OVA series.
For the next several years, the company returned to sub-contracting work based on animation production services rather than its painting services, such as with the Mushi Production film Ushiro no Shoumen Daare. In 1995, the studio moved to producing full-length series, starting with Juuni Senshi Bakuretsu Eto Ranger. By this time, several directors and animators had joined the studio, such as Toshimasa Suzuki and Kenji Yasuda; however, one of the most important series in the company's early history was an outsourcing contract they took on in 1996: Legend of Crystania: The Chaos Ring, which began the studio's relationship with director Ryūtarō Nakamura and studio Triangle Staff. The second episode of the OVA series was outsourced to Shaft, and both Nakamura and Triangle Staff's president visited Shaft while delivering the episode's storyboard. Mitsutoshi Kubota, a studio color designer turned production manager at the time, met with the two, and from then they would collaborate on several more projects together, such as Shaft producing an episode of Nakamura and Triangle Staff's Kino's Journey television series, and Nakamura later directing a television series and Kino's Journey film at the studio.
In 1998, Radix produced a 26-episode adaptation of Kia Asamiya's manga Silent Möbius; and although produced as a Radix production, Shaft was contracted as an outsourcing company for the entire series, and according to Kubota served as the production site for the series. Shaft was also responsible for selecting the staff, and chief director Hideki Tonokatsu worked from the studio. Nobuyuki Takeuchi left Studio Giants in the early 90s, and Shaft offered him a seat at the studio as a freelancing animator; and for Silent Möbius, he took on the role of "animation director". Kubota felt that Takeuchi would eventually play a central role in Shaft's works succeeding the series, and he eventually became an integral part of many of the productions made with Shinbo.
Shaft entered co-operations with studios Gainax and TNK around 2000. The first of the productions under these co-operations was Mahoromatic and its sequel Mahoromatic: Something More Beautiful, both with Gainax and under the direction of Hiroyuki Yamaga. 2002 was also the release of the studio's production with TNK, G-On Riders. In 2003 and 2004, the studio produced an adaptation of the visual novel Popotan, and later This Ugly yet Beautiful World, an original series co-produced with Gainax and director Shouji Saeki. The development of This Ugly yet Beautiful World began when members of Mahoromatic said that they wanted to do another work with the team, which included both the voice actors and staff members. While searching for scriptwriting and directing staff to work on the project, Saeki and Gainax producer Hiroki Satou mentioned that it would involve much of the Mahoromatic staff to those they invited, such as director Shin Itagaki and writer Sumio Uetake.

2004–2016: Kubota and Team Shinbo era

In 2004, Wakao was succeeded as Shaft's representative director by Kubota, though he remained a chairman on the studio's board. After watching The SoulTaker and Le Portrait de Petit Cossette, both works directed by Akiyuki Shinbo, Kubota decided that he wanted to work with Shinbo to create a uniquely identifiable brand for the studio. In October 2004, the studio animated its first production with Shinbo as director, Tsukuyomi: Moon Phase, and he began serving as an executive director and mentor to the studio's staff.
Shaft's final co-production with Gainax came in 2005 with He Is My Master. The same year saw the first animated production under the influence of "Team Shinbo", a director trio consisting of Shinbo, Shin Oonuma, and Tatsuya Oishi, who played a vital role in the studio's early stylistic decisions. Shinbo had invited both Oonuma and Oishi to direct episodes under him having seen their work under him on previous projects outside of Shaft. The next two years also saw the release of the REC and Kino's Journey: Country of Illness -For You-, the aforementioned series directed by Ryūtarō Nakamura, which would be the last series produced by Shaft not to feature any involvement by Shinbo for more than a decade.
During the mid-to-late 2000s, the studio brought on a number of new directors and creators, including Ryouki Kamitsubo, Naoyuki Tatsuwa, Kenichi Ishikura, Yukihiro Miyamoto, Shinichi Omata, Tomoyuki Itamura, and Gekidan Inu Curry. Kamitsubo and Oonuma, however, left by the end of the decade, with the latter joining Silver Link where he established himself in a similar role to Shinbo's.
In 2009, Shinbo and Oishi directed Bakemonogatari, which was later characterized as a hallmark of the studio's unique aesthetics. It gained a cult-like following among fans in both Japan and the West for its narrative and "visually striking" animation and artistic qualities. Polygon named it as the series that "pushed studio Shaft into the spotlight", and the series was chosen as the "best anime series of 2009" by the Tokyo Anime Award Festival in 2017. Following Bakemonogatari, the studio produced yet another critical and financial hit two years later with Puella Magi Madoka Magica. Madoka Magica is regarded by several publications and critics as one of the greatest anime productions of all time, and the series' financial and critical success spawned a franchise consisting of several films, television series, and games produced in part or in whole by Shaft. Along with the Monogatari series, Madoka Magica is considered to be one of the most financially successful anime products in Japan, with both series maintaining the highest average sales of DVDs, Blu-Rays, and re-releases in Japan. In 2012, the studio returned to animating the Monogatari series with Nisemonogatari, albeit with director Tomoyuki Itamura in place of Oishi. Itamura and Shinbo produced a subsequent Monogatari season every year up until Zoku Owarimonogatari, which is the only Monogatari season to feature Shinbo as the sole director.
The early-to-mid 2010s brought more changes to the studio's creative staff and the studio itself. For one, 2015 was the year Shaft reorganized from a yūgen-gaisha to a kabushiki-gaisha. Several directors also ended up leaving around this time, such as Kenichi Ishikura after serving as assistant director on Mahō Sensei Negima! Anime Final in 2011, Shinichi Omata around 2012, and Naoyuki Tatsuwa after he directed Gourmet Girl Graffiti in 2015. A number of other notable directors were brought into the studio around this time, however, such as directors Yuki Yase, Kenjirou Okada, Hajime Ootani, and Midori Yoshizawa. Tatsuya Oishi disappeared from the public spotlight in the early 2010s after he began production on the Kizumonogatari film trilogy, which was released in 2016 and 2017. Shaft's animation work on the trilogy has been praised as being uniquely experimental with 2D and CG effects, which some reviewers described as not always mixing well, but has nonetheless been called "gorgeous."
In the late 2010s, a number of other creative staff left the studio. Yuki Yase left after directing The Beheading Cycle: The Blue Savant and the Nonsense Bearer, and moved with animation producer Kousuke Matsunaga to David Production where he directed the first season of Fire Force. CG director Shinya Takano and at-the-time production assistants Reo Honjouya, Shou Sugawara, and Kenichirou Yano also transferred to David Production with Matsunaga; though, Yase has continued to contribute as a storyboard artist to Shaft works into the 2020s. Tomoyuki Itamura, who directed the rest of the Monogatari series after Oishi's commitment to Kizumonogatari, left the studio after the production of Owarimonogatari II taking and Izumi Takizawa, a color designer with the studio since the late 90s, with him.

2016–present: Post-Team Shinbo

In 2016 and 2017, directors Kenjirou Okada and Nobuyuki Takeuchi directed their debuts as series/film directors with March Comes In like a Lion and Fireworks, and the studio produced Fate/Extra: Last Encore with Miyamoto as series directing in 2018. The film version of Zoku Owarimonogatari was also released in 2018, solely directed by Shinbo; and its televised version was the studio's only official major production in 2019. The studio was, however, outsourced to for an episode of Tezuka Productions' adaptation of The Quintessential Quintuplets. The entirety of the episode was produced at Shaft, with Midori Yoshizawa as episode director and a majority of the Shaft production team working on the episode, including the studio's colorists, animators, and photographers. One version of the story that led to Shaft's involvement with the work was that TBS producer Junichirou Tanaka met CEO Kubota at a dinner party once and had asked on his knees for Shaft's help in producing the first half of the series' 11th episode, but during conversation Kubota noted that he knew of the issues with the production and decided that Shaft would be capable of producing the entire episode. Alternatively, in another interview, Tanaka said that Tezuka Productions hadn't received enough time to produce the series, so he tried phoning a number of production companies and eventually landed on Shaft and Kubota accepted the offer to contribute key animation only for the A-part of the episode. Later, Tanaka asked Kubota if Shaft could produce the entire episode, and since the two companies had history, and Kubota was on friendly terms with producer Hiroshi Oosawa form Tezuka Productions, Shaft eventually agreed to produce the entire episode. Series director Satoshi Kuwabara drew the episode's storyboards but left the production of the episode entirely up to Yoshizawa and Shaft.
In 2020, Shaft returned to producing full-length series with Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story, an adaptation of a spin-off mobile game series based on the studio's Madoka Magica franchise. It was the first series since 2007 not to be directed in part by Akiyuki Shinbo, and was instead chief directed by Doroinu of Gekidan Inu Curry, one of the original series' alternate space designers. Shaft's second and final project of the year, Assault Lily Bouquet, was also the first time since 2007 that Shinbo had not been involved with one of the studio's main projects entirely. Bouquet was instead directed by former Gainax member Shouji Saeki and Shaft member Hajime Ootani.
Shinbo returned to the director's chair in 2021 with his adaptation of Pretty Boy Detective Club, which he co-directed alongside Ootani. The series served as the debut for Shaft's CGI animation division, as well as the Umegumi division. The second season of Magia record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story later that year also debuted the company's background art division, albeit listed under Digital@Shaft, before being given their own department name in the third season of the series in early 2022. The company opened a branch studio in Shizuoka, with a few of the staff members from the head office moving to the city in order to establish operations and train new staff. Veteran color designer Yasuko Watanabe, who joined the company in 2000, became the branch studio's chief. In 2021, a fourth Madoka Magica film titled Walpurgisnacht: Rising was announced to be in production.
At the end of 2021, and following into 2022, the studio produced a short series based on the Assault Lily franchise entitled Assault Lily Fruits; and in March of that year, completed the Magia Record series with a four-episode finale. In July of that year, the studio produced Luminous Witches and RWBY: Ice Queendom jointly. In 2023, a special based on The Quintessential Quintuplets was announced to be produced at the studio. Prior to the release of the 2022 film, the show's producers had no intention of making another anime based on the project; however, they changed their minds upon seeing the positive reception towards the film. The reason to produce the new project at Shaft was mainly due to the popularity of the first season's 11th episode, which Shaft produced as a gross outsource.
2023 saw no new releases from the studio aside from the Quintuplets special. However, while the studio did not produce its own works, it was busy assisting other companies with theirs. Of those, the most notable collaboration happened between Shaft and Bug Films. The studio was producing its first series, Zom 100: Bucket List of the Dead, and Shaft was asked to assist with part of the production of the series at the start of the third episode, according to Bug Films CEO Hiroaki Kojima.
Noticeably, Shinbo's involvement at the studio lessened following the turn of the decade. Whereas he had previously been involved in every major production since 2004, various other affiliated directors began to take up the mantlemost notably Miyamoto and Saeki. Animator Kazuya Shiotsuki, who joined just before Shinbo was invited to Shaft, noted that many of the staff from that time period became the "Children of Shinbo" in that his influence extended further than just to the directors, and that the team as a whole were broadly influenced by the values he displayed. With the new generation of staff members joining in the early 2020s, as Shinbo had decreased his overall output, many of the staff at the studio were instead being influenced by Saeki and, according to Shiotsuki, Yasuomi Umetsu, who has been working on a project at the studio for several years.
In early 2024, a new adaptation of the Monogatari series, specifically the Off and Monster Season series of novels, was announced with much of the series core staff returning and a July release date. Pre-production of the series started in fall of 2022 following the end of Luminous Witches and RWBY: Ice Queendom when Aniplex producer Tatsuya Ishikawa approached the studio about continuing the adaptation. Agreeing, studio president Kubota selected Midori Yoshizawa, who had been directing at Shaft for nearly a decade by that point, as the new series director under Shinbo. The same year, Shaft was announced to be producing an adaptation of HundredBurger's A Ninja and an Assassin Under One Roof manga series.

Style

Visual style

Directors Akiyuki Shinbo, Shin Oonuma, and Tatsuya Oishi, who formed "Team Shinbo", are essentially responsible for defining Shaft's production culture and experimental stylistic visuals in the mid-to-late 2000s. They each brought separate stylistic strengths that contributed to the eventual "Shaft style" the studio embraced, despite the fact that neither Oonuma nor Oishi had much prior experience as directors. Oonuma and Oishi's success with the studio is in part due to the "mentorship" system created at Shaft, which was centered around Shinbo. The two former directors would work under Shinbo and the Shaft system as episode directors and storyboard artists until they were promoted to series directors with Shinbo maintaining a supervising role over them. In turn, they, too, could begin mentoring other directors; in particular, Oonuma mentored Yukihiro Miyamoto, Tomoyuki Itamura, and Naoyuki Tatsuwa, and Oishi's influence has been exerted across the Shaft studio as a whole. Team Shinbo, Miyamoto, and Itamura's styles within Shaft as a whole tend to be more experimental in nature, whereas Tatsuwa was the sole director who took a more grounded approach to the series he was involved with.
Several techniques that the studio's directors still employ were popularized by Team Shinbo, such as the usage of ostentatious or simple backgrounds and tones, unique editing cuts, flat color contrasts, the insertion of real-world objects into the animated medium, monochromatic color schemes, minimalistic and abstract backgrounds, extreme changes in background art, and sharp color contrasts which are used to facilitate certain surrealistic narratives and imagery and consistently exist through each of the studio's productions. Miyamoto brought to the studio sharp color contrasts and changing color palettes, which Itamura was stylistically influenced by; Itamura himself also created his own style defined by the usage of "chapter breaks" and paper cutouts. Tatsuwa, in contrast to the others, maintained series with less visual surrealism, albeit he continued to use several of the stylistic elements from the other directors. One of the studio's most well-known stylistic insertions, the so-called head-tilt, has also been acknowledged by Shinbo as one of the studio's staples.
Miyamoto brought to Shaft the art troupe Gekidan Inu Curry in 2008 during (Zoku) Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei, and the duo's style greatly influenced the studio's animation style as a whole, which later defined the Madoka Magica franchise that Miyamoto and Shinbo directed two years later.

Narrative style

Shaft's work culture has also influenced the narrative writings of the studio's productions, which have been described as existing "somewhere between comedy and despair", which can be best seen through the works of director Miyamoto, who has headed some of the studio's most depressive series, and also their most comedic. The studio's works oftentimes also include unconventional characters and experimentation within the genre of the series the studio produces, while also diverging from the expectations of the audience.

In-house departments

Following Wakao's retirement in 2004, Kubota decided to restructure the studio's system itself. While the arrival of Shinbo, Oonuma, and Oishi was a part of this restructuring, Kubota also founded Shaft's in-house photography, painting, and visual effects division, which would move the already-existing painting team, in 2004. The division, named Digital@Shaft, made its first appearance on Gakuen Alice episode 4, which was outsourced to Shaft. The new department reorganized certain staff members in the studio and hired new recruits interested in the newly formed photography team, the latter of which includes current chiefs of the department Rei Egami and Takayuki Aizu. Shinichirou Etou, who had been working at the company for three years as a production assistant, was asked to set up the department due to his experience in CG from when he attended.
Shaft opened a licensing division in 2017 which manages an online shop Shaft Ten selling Blu-Rays, production materials, and other merchandise for series the company produces, as well as for managing the licenses of these goods and works. According to division manager Kouji Tanoue, president Kubota and himself intend to grow the division's business capabilities in order to support the studio's ventures and human resource needs.
In August 2020, Shaft posted a recruitment notice for 3DCG animation staff, and the Shaft CGI Animation Room debuted in the studio's Pretty Boy Detective Club series the following year. Etou had left the company in 2017, but when he heard that the studio was creating a 3DCG department, he rejoined the studio and intends to make the department a pillar of Shaft productions within 5 to 10 years. Pretty Boy Detective Club also used the name Shaft Umegumi for its opening animation production credit, a humorous title given to director Yasuomi Umetsu and part of his team at the studio who produced the opening while working on their own project, the then-unannounced Virgin Punk.
In 2021, Digital@Shaft formed a background art team as well. Art director Hisaharu Iijima, a common collaborator of the studio's since 2007, and of Shinbo's since 2004, as well as the CEO and president of his own studio was employed by the studio as a technical advisor for the art department.

Production methods

Beyond the in-house culture the studio emphasizes in its works, Shaft has also emphasized using a common workflow from project to project to ease the transition from production to production. The purpose of such commonality between productions is to allow for consistency and the continuity of Shaft's style between productions. While this system allows for Shaft's style to manifest throughout each of their productions, it also allows for more creative freedoms across all individuals working with the studio, such as Shinbo's philosophy of "mix participating staffer’s feelings". Madoka Magica screenwriter Gen Urobuchi described the work environment as giving him a level of freedom he'd never had before, and that "I did not think I could have written this screenplay in any other place", and both original character designer Ume Aoki and alternate space designers Gekidan Inu Curry have expressed similar perspectives. Although anime is a collaborative process, the signature style of Shaft can best be attributed to the whole of the studio and its members rather than a single individual, and the artistic freedoms across the entire production line allow for the convergence of different staff members and their ideas to freely explore the medium which they work in. Director Midori Yoshizawa mentioned that during the production of Magia Record, the directors consulted with the animators in the company and expressed the idea that the animators themselves could change the storyboards for action scenes if they could come up with better ideas, and Yoshizawa said that this was because the animators would be able to come up with better fights and effects overall. Character designer and chief animation director Junichirou Taniguchi also said that he believed it was fine for the characters to appear more stylized during action scenes.
Visual effects chief Hisato Shima stated that other studios commonly have animators and operators specializing in 3D, but that Shaft artists tend to work in a more broad area and perform several tasks during anime production. Shaft's production pipeline often utilizes materials created during the normal production pipine that work as temporary reference points for both 2D and 3D animators, and assist with camera angles, reference points, and other processes. Later in the production, these temporary materials are removed, and the final CG work is added. In order to counteract the issues that come with productions that have a mix of traditional/CG animation in regards to paper and digital canvas sizes, the studio developed a format that would be convenient for both processes by standardizing a 2156 x 1526 pixel screen size for the 3D artists. According to Kenjirou Okada, most studios would process things like tableware through 2D animation; but at Shaft, to guarantee a certain quality as opposed to sometimes distorted shapes, such materials are normally processed with CG instead.
Although the Madoka Magica film trilogy was not Shaft's first work to be released in theaters, it's potentially their first work to be made in a "theatrical production." Animation producer Yasuhiro Okada said that in making the film trilogy, he was conscious of the fact that he had never been involved with a theatrical production and received advice from various people; however, he noted the uniqueness of Shaft's methods in production "Shaft animation", and found that the advice was not useful for Shaft works. For this reason, Okada set up the schedule so that the film was split into five units, and each one would be worked on in order rather than different parts moving forward at different times. This allowed for the work to prioritize a small, "elite" group of animators not just for the fact that it was a theatrical work, but so that director Yukihiro Miyamoto would ideally be able to see all of their cuts and supervise the work more closely.
Since the time Shinbo joined the studio, Shaft-produced series also had more cuts than the average anime series, as well as more corrections and retakes in Blu-ray and DVD releases than standard. According to Shinbo, the first storyboard drawn for the studio and his newfound collaboration, Tsukuyomi: Moon Phase episode 1, was 308 cuts. The standard anime is somewhere between 300-400 cuts; however, as he continued to work for Shaft, the number of cuts in their anime continued to increase. By the time of Hidamari Sketch, episodes generally were 400-500 cuts per episode, with other series like Monogatari and And Yet the Town Moves having an equivalent number. Considering the time and budget series like Hidamari Sketch had, Shinbo mentioned that he doesn't think any other studio would allow as many cuts and as many corrections to the home video release versions as Shaft.
According to both Kubota and Shinbo, Shaft's productions as a whole also desire the involvement of the original authors or creators of the source material which they adapt in their productions. Kubota has also emphasized a particular focus on putting full studio effort into each of their works, and not increasing the number of productions purely to satiate demand.
The uniqueness of Shaft's production system compared to other anime studios, with several directors and specialized roles per most series, has also introduced certain problems. Monogatari series character designer Akio Watanabe stated that Shaft's production system during the time of Bakemonogatari was "bad at the time." Although Watanabe did not specify in what way, he mentioned that the series' pre-production could be difficult due to designs and finalizations needing to be checked by visual director Nobuyuki Takeuchi, series director Tatsuya Oishi, and director Shinbo.

Directors

One of the core elements that represented Shaft as a unique studio among its peers came with Shinbo at the head of Shaft's directing department. Though Shaft had developed a relationship with other directors in the past like Kunitoshi Okajima and in-house talents fostered under him like Toshimasa Suzuki, Shinbo's position initiated a wave of new directors both joining and being trained by himself and, especially, Oonuma and Oishi. Although Suzuki left the company prior to Shinbo joining, he would still act as the assistant director for the studio and director's first project together, Tsukuyomi: Moon Phase; and Suzuki later remarked that Shinbo was the catalyst for Shaft's identity as a "directing company". Almost all works produced by Shaft for the next 14 years involved Shinbo as either "director" or "chief director" with a "series director", "assistant director", "chief director", or "chief episode director" in active positions beneath him. Works produced after Shinbo's reign as chief director continued to use this system. The various credits actively participated in various parts of pre-production, production, and post-production.
Shaft's director credits:

Chief Director - Generally used for works in which Shinbo and another director are involved from the start, and which Shinbo often gives more freedoms to the directors to. Shinbo's role as "chief director" ranges from little-to-no active participation like in Katteni Kaizō, to active creative decisions in pre-production like scenario checks, storyboard checks and revisions, design supervision, and overall direction like in Tsukuyomi: Moon Phase, Monogatari series and Pretty Boy Detective Club.
Director - The standard "director" credit used in most of the industry.
Series Director - The "series director" is generally given to directors who join a production partway through pre-production or a similar circumstance and are involved as a director generally following Shinbo's orders. Tatsuya Oishi joined Bakemonogatari after the 5th episode's storyboard orders were completed, Yuki Yase joined Hidamari Sketch x Honeycomb after the 8th episode's storyboards were completed, and Yukihiro Miyamoto joined Puella Magi Madoka Magica a few months before the series began to air. Oishi, Yase, and Miyamoto subsequently received director credits for their respective sequel works as they were a part of the projects from the start with Shinbo taking on the chief director credit. Miyamoto later clarified that there was no difference between his role in the Madoka TV series and films despite the credit differences, and seemingly only the amount of time he had been involved with had changed.
Chief Director - Despite the name, the credit has been used generally to refer to "assistant" or "series" directors. Hidamari Sketch "chief director" Ryouki Kamitsubo referred to himself as the "assistant" for the series; and Suzuki referred to Kenjirou Okada, who was given a "chief director" credit, as the "series director" in an interview.
Director's Assistant - Used once for Suzuki on Tsukuyomi: Moon Phase.
Assistant Director - Despite the name, "assistant directors" at Shaft act similar to "series directors" or are like junior "directors." Naoyuki Tatsuwa, for example, was referred to as the "series director" for And Yet the Town Moves by Shinbo despite his official credit being "assistant director."
Chief Episode Director - A credit usually describing a director closely involved in the production process of all episodes. Used only a few times at Shaft, Miyamoto described his role on the sequel Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei seasons as being like a "handyman" and doing a little bit of direction for all episodes, the openings and ending, as well as attending dubbing sessions and art meetings when assistant director Tatsuwa was unable to.
Director - Used only in Magia Record season 1 to refer to directors given "series director" responsibility over select episodes.

Productions

Gross outsource

Episodes, series, and other projects in which Shaft was not the prime contractor for but subcontracted to for animation services either across the entire series or to produce an episode or part of the work. These do not include minor outsourcing credits such as key animation, in-between animation, or cel-painting. Gross outsourcing is also referred to as "full" outsourcing. The studio was active in gross outsourcing for companies and other studios from the time its animation department was formed in the early 80s up until 2004 when the company switched to almost exclusively contributing only to its own productions. Since 2019, the studio has occasionally worked as a gross outsource company for other studios once again.

Year	Title	Primary contractor	Director	Episode	Note
1980–1981	Time Bokan Series: Time Patrol Tai Otasukeman	Tatsunoko Production	Hiroshi Sasagawa Nobuo Oonuki	11, 19, 21, 25, 36, 47, 53
1982–1983	Hitotsuboshi-ke no Ultra Baasan	Knack Productions	Masuji Harata	1–13
1983	Superbook 2	Tatsunoko Production	Masakazu Higuchi	1–26
1983	Serendipity the Pink Dragon	Zuiyo	Nobuo Oonuki	11–26
1984	Attacker You!	Knack Productions	Kazuyuki Okasako	1–15
1984–1985	Elves of the Forest	Zuiyo	Masakazu Higuchi	1–23
1987–1988	Hiatari Ryōkō!	Group TAC	Gisaburō Sugii Hiroko Tokita	3, 8, 15, 21, 27, 38, 43, 48
1988	Hiatari Ryōkō! Kasumi: Yume no Naka ni Kimi ga Ita	Group TAC	Kimiharu Oguma		TV film
1990–1991	Kyatto Ninden Teyandee	Tatsunoko Production	Kunitoshi Okajima	5, 9, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, 32 34, 36, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 52
1991	Ushiro no Shoumen Daare	Mushi Production	Seiji Arihara		Film
1991	Oh! My Konbu	Kodansha, VAP	Tetsuo Imazawa	4, 8, 12, 16, 20
1991	Dark Genesis	Tatsunoko Production	Yoshihisa Matsumoto	1	OVA
1992–1993	Little Twins		Toshio Hirata Isamu Tsuchida	Unknown	OVA
1994	Goal Field Hunter	Image Key	Masakazu Higuchi Kunitoshi Okajima	Unknown
1994–1995	The Legend of Snow White	Tatsunoko Production	Kunitoshi Okajima
1995	Bonobono	Group TAC	Hitoshi Nanba	8, 23, 29, 46
1996–1997	Legend of the Galactic Heroes	K-Factory	Noboru Ishiguro et al.	87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 105, 108	OVA
1996–1997	Kiko-chan's Smile	Magic Bus	Setsuko Shibuichi	1, 4, 14, 17, 23, 38, 50
1997	Legend of Crystania: The Chaos Ring	Triangle Staff	Ryūtarō Nakamura	2	OVA
1997	Mach Go Go Go: Restart	Tatsunoko Production	Hiroshi Sasagawa et al.	5, 9, 14, 19, 25
1997	Hareluya II Boy	Triangle Staff	Kiyoshi Egami	3
1997	Revolutionary Girl Utena	J.C.Staff	Kunihiko Ikuhara	15, 20, 29, 37
1997–1998	Battle Athletes Victory	AIC	Katsuhito Akiyama	1–26
1998	A Hundred Billion Stars, a Hundred Billion Lights	K-Factory	Noboru Ishiguro et al.	5–8, 17	OVA
1998	Generator Gawl	Tatsunoko Production	Seiji Mizushima	4, 6, 10
1998	Silent Möbius	Radix	Hideki Tonokatsu Nobuyuki Takeuchi	1–26
1998–1999	Totsugeki! Pappara-tai	Magic Bus	Kenichi Maejima	5, 10, 16
1999	Space Pirate Mito	Triangle Staff	Takashi Watanabe	2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
1999	Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure	AIC	Katsuhito Akiyama	1–13
1999	Power Stone	Pierrot	Takahiro Omori	9, 16
1999	Magic User's Club	Triangle Staff, Madhouse	Junichi Sato	10
1999	Dai-Guard	Xebec	Seiji Mizushima	11
1999	Now and Then, Here and There	AIC	Akitaro Daichi	5, 10
1999	A Pair of Queens	Triangle Staff	Takashi Watanabe	2, 4, 7, 9
1999–2000	Blue Gender	AIC	Masami Abe	4, 10, 16, 22
1999–2000	Excel Saga	J.C.Staff	Shinichi Watanabe	4, 9, 14, 19, 24
2000	Boogiepop Phantom	Madhouse	Takashi Watanabe	2, 5, 7, 11–12
2000	NieA_7	Triangle Staff	Tomokazu Tokoro Takuya Satō	11
2000	Sakura Wars	Madhouse	Ryūtarō Nakamura	1–25
2000	Kita e.: Pure Session	Studio D-Volt	Mitsuko Kase		OVA
2000–2001	Saiyuki	Pierrot	Hayato Date	3, 9, 15, 21, 27–50
2001	Initial D: Third Stage	Studio Deen	Fumitsugu Yamaguchi		Film
2001	Sister Princess	Zexcs	Kiyotaka Ohata	4
2001	The SoulTaker	Tatsunoko Production/VCR	Akiyuki Shinbo	10
2001	Kikaider 01: The Animation	Radix, Studio OX	Keitarou Motonaga	2	OVA
2001–2002	Okojo's Happy Apartment	Radix	Yuusuke Yamamoto	2, 5, 8, 19, 24-25, 27 29, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48
2001–2002	Android Kikaider: The Animation	Radix, Studio OX	Tensai Okamura	2, 7–8, 12
2001–2002	Cyborg 009: The Cyborg Soldier	Japan Vistec	Jun Kawagoe	3, 27-28, 31, 34, 44, 46
2002	Seven of Seven	A.C.G.T	Yasuhiro Imagawa	14
2002	WXIII: Patlabor the Movie 3	Madhouse	Fumihiko Takayama Takuji Endou		Film
2003	Heat Guy J	Satelight	Kazuki Akane	19
2003	Dear Boys	A.C.G.T	Susumu Kudou	3, 7, 12, 18, 23
2003	Kino's Journey	A.C.G.T	Ryūtarō Nakamura	7
2003	Neon Genesis Evangelion: Girlfriend of Steel 2nd	Gainax			Video game
2004	Misaki Chronicles	Radix	Jun Takada Hiroshi Negishi	2
2004	Maburaho	J.C.Staff	Shinichiro Kimura	11
2004	Gilgamesh	Group TAC, Japan Vistec	Masahiko Murata	16, 22
2004	Tetsujin 28-go	Palm Studio	Yasuhiro Imagawa	3, 6, 9
2004	Gakuen Alice	Group TAC	Takahiro Omori	4, 10
2004	Uta Kata	Hal Film Maker	Keiji Gotoh	4
2019	The Quintessential Quintuplets	Tezuka Productions	Satoshi Kuwabara	11
2023	Mashle	A-1 Pictures	Tomoya Tanaka	7
2023	The Café Terrace and Its Goddesses	Tezuka Productions	Satoshi Kuwabara	9
2023	Zom 100: Bucket List of the Dead	Bug Films	Kazuki Kawagoe	2–5
2024	Mashle 2nd Season	A-1 Pictures	Tomoya Tanaka	2		-

Notable staff

Representative staff

Hiroshi Wakao, and chairman )
Tomio Wakao
Mitsutoshi Kubota, managing director, and color designer )
Kouji Tanoue
Tamiko Nishimaki
Miku Ooshima
Nobuki Maki
Natsuko Kubota
Kayoko Mizusawa

Animation producers

Shigeyuki Amemiya
Kazumasa Amitani
Tadao Iwaki
Kousuke Matsunaga
Kazuki Soumiya
Kouichi Yasuda
Ryuusuke Suzuki
Yasuhiro Okada
Hitoshi Fujikawa
Takuo Yukinaga
Yuuya Matsukawa