Seven Sacraments Altarpiece
The Seven Sacraments Altarpiece is a fixed-wing triptych by the Early Netherlandish artist Rogier van der Weyden and his workshop. It was painted from 1445 to 1450, probably for a church in Poligny, and is now in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp. It depicts the seven sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church. On the left panel are baptism, confirmation and confession and on the right hand panel the ordination of a priest, marriage and the last rites.
Subject matter
The scene takes place in the interior of a Gothic church looking towards the high altar. There is a groin vault ceiling that goes down the nave. There are colonettes with piers that separate the nave from the side aisle. The arcade also features pointed arches, a triforium, and a clearstory which are all elements of gothic architecture. This altarpiece features three distinct panels that all work together to tell about the seven sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church: Baptism, Holy Communion, Confession, Matrimony, Extreme Unction, Holy Orders, and Confirmation. The central panel is dominated by a crucifixion in the foreground, with the sacrament of the Eucharist in the background. The middle panel is all about the Eucharist titled Christ on the Cross and Eucharist. At the back of the middle panel, a priest is seen elevating the Host while at the altar.The left side panel is called Baptism, Confirmation, and Confession. Baptism is shown in the lower left corner with the priest helping perform the baptism to the small baby being held by the man. Confirmation is in the middle of the left panel with a child on this knees in a praying position in front of a bishop, ready to be anointed by the Oil of Chrism. Confession is shown on the right side of the left panel with 2 people on their knees praying to a priest. The side panels also depict the altarpiece's commissioners, along with some portrait heads only added shortly before the work was completed. Two coats of arms are painted in the spandrels of the painting's inner frame. The right panel is called The Ordinatio, Marriage, and Extreme Unction. The right panel on the left side shows a priest being ordained by the two men shown. In the middle of the panel is marriage depicted by a priest joining the hands of a man and a woman. The bottom right panel shows a sickly man in bed with people around him trying to heal him. This is a representation of anointing.
Angels hover over each sacrament with scrolls, with clothes colour-matched to the sacraments, from white for baptism to black for the last rites. Each sacrament action has a Latin phrase above it as well. The writing on the Baptism, Confirmation, and Confession panel from left to right is "Oes in aqu pneuate baptizati/ in morte chri ve sut renati/ ad roa vi co". The writing on the Christ on the Cross and Eucharist panel on the altarpiece is "Hic pais manu sti sps forat i vigie/ Igne passiois e decoct in cruce/ Abro i li sacmet". The writing on The Ordinatio, Marriage, and Extreme Unction panel from right to left is "Du sum potifex lesus i sta itavt/ tuc sacmentu ordis vere stauravit/ ad heb ix co". This writing above the sacraments is written on a banderole. These Latin phrases are of writings.
Figures and patronage
There has been no documentation of the commission record, but scholars believe the altarpiece to be commissioned by Jean Chevrot. Chevrot was a French bishop to the city of Doornik, also called Tournai. Chevrot can be seen as the bishop in the confirmation ceremony. The framework of the painting suggests that other people in the image could also be based on real historical figures. This can be attested to by how some of the faces of the people were painted on a pewter sheet that was later attached to the wooden panel.In the top of the arch in each panel, two symbols can be found. The symbol on the left is represented as the coat of legs of the Chevrot family. The second coat of arms on the right side of the arches has been interpreted as two different symbols. The first explanation is that it is the coat of arms for Doornik. This would align with the idea that this altarpiece was designed to be put in Chevrot's private chapel in Doornik. The second explanation is that the coat of arms is for the Couraults of Poligny. This would mean that the altarpiece was meant for the Saint Anthony chapel in the church of Saint Hippolytus. This church was founded in Poligny in 1445 by Chevrot and where he was born.