Semax
Semax is a medication which is used in Eastern Europe for the treatment of a broad range of conditions like brain trauma but predominantly for its claimed nootropic, neuroprotective, and neurorestorative effects.
The mechanism of action of Semax is unknown. It might interact with certain melanocortin receptors or inhibit enkephalinase enzymes. Chemically, Semax is a peptide and a synthetic analogue of a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Semax was first described by 1991. Although used as a prescription drug in Russia, Semax has not been evaluated, approved for use, or marketed in most other countries. The drug is widely sold by online vendors and used as a purported nootropic.
Medical uses
Semax has undergone extensive study in Russia and is on the Russian List of Vital & Essential Drugs approved by the Russian Federation government on 7 December 2011. Medical uses for Semax include treatment of stroke, transient ischemic attack, memory and cognitive disorders, peptic ulcers, optic nerve disease, and to boost the immune system.Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
In animals, Semax rapidly elevates the levels and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its signaling receptor tropomyosin [receptor kinase B] in the hippocampus, and rapidly activates serotonergic and dopaminergic brain systems. Accordingly, it has been found to produce antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects, attenuate the behavioral effects of exposure to chronic stress, and potentiate the locomotor activity produced by D-amphetamine. As such, it has been suggested that Semax may be effective in the treatment of depression.Though the exact mechanism of action of Semax is unclear, there is evidence that it may act through melanocortin receptors. Specifically, there is a report of Semax competitively antagonizing the action of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone at the MC4 and MC5 receptors in both in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions, indicating that it may act as an antagonist or partial agonist of these receptors.. Semax did not antagonize α-MSH at the MC3 receptor, though this receptor could still be a target of the drug. As for the MC1 and MC2 receptors, they were not assayed.
In addition to actions at receptors, Semax, as well as a related peptide drug, Selank, have been found to inhibit enzymes involved in the degradation of enkephalins and other endogenous regulatory peptides, though the clinical significance of this property is uncertain.