Schur's theorem
In discrete mathematics, Schur's theorem is any of several theorems of the mathematician Issai Schur. In differential geometry, Schur's theorem is a theorem of Axel Schur. In functional analysis, Schur's theorem is often called Schur's property, also due to Issai Schur.
Ramsey theory
In Ramsey theory, Schur's theorem states that for every positive integer c, there exists a positive integer S, such that for every partition of the integers into c parts, one of the parts contains integers x, y and z with.For every positive integer c, S denotes the smallest number S such that for every partition of the integers into c parts, one of the parts contains integers x, y, and z with. Schur's theorem ensures that S is well-defined for every positive integer c. The numbers of the form S are called Schur's numbers.
Folkman's theorem generalizes Schur's theorem by stating that there exist arbitrarily large sets of integers, all of whose nonempty sums belong to the same part.
Using this definition, the only known Schur numbers are S 2, 5, 14, 45, and 161. The proof that was announced in 2017 and required 2 petabytes of space.
Combinatorics
In combinatorics, Schur's theorem tells the number of ways for expressing a given number as a linear combination of a fixed set of relatively prime numbers. In particular, if is a set of integers such that, the number of different multiples of non-negative integer numbers such that when goes to infinity is:As a result, for every set of relatively prime numbers there exists a value of such that every larger number is representable as a linear combination of in at least one way. This consequence of the theorem can be recast in a familiar context considering the problem of changing an amount using a set of coins. If the denominations of the coins are relatively prime numbers then any sufficiently large amount can be changed using only these coins.
Differential geometry
In differential geometry, Schur's theorem compares the distance between the endpoints of a space curve to the distance between the endpoints of a corresponding plane curve of less curvature.Suppose is a plane curve with curvature which makes a convex curve when closed by the chord connecting its endpoints, and is a curve of the same length with curvature. Let denote the distance between the endpoints of and denote the distance between the endpoints of. If then.
Schur's theorem is usually stated for curves, but John M. Sullivan has observed that Schur's theorem applies to curves of finite total curvature.