Sanibel, Florida
Sanibel is an island and city in Lee County, Florida, United States. Its population was 6,382 at the 2020 census, down from 6,469 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida metropolitan statistical area. The island, also known as Sanibel Island, constitutes the entire city. It is a barrier island—a collection of sand on the leeward side of the more solid coral-rock of Pine Island.
Most of the city proper is at the island's eastern end. After the Sanibel Causeway was built to replace the ferry in 1963, the city was incorporated in 1974, and the residents asserted control over development by establishing the Sanibel Comprehensive Land Use Plan, helping maintain a balance between development and preservation of the island's ecology. In September 2022, the causeway was heavily damaged by Hurricane Ian.
Due to easy causeway access, Sanibel is a popular tourist destination known for its shell beaches and wildlife refuges. More than half the island is made up of wildlife refuges, the largest being J. N. "Ding" Darling National Wildlife Refuge. The island hosts the Sanibel Historical Village and a variety of other museums, including the Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum.
History
Sanibel and Captiva formed as one island about 6,000 years ago. The first known humans in the area were the Calusa, who arrived about 2,500 years ago. The Calusa were a powerful Indian nation who came to dominate most of Southwest Florida through trade via their elaborate system of canals and waterways. Sanibel remained an important Calusa settlement until the collapse of their empire, soon after the arrival of the Europeans.During the 1700s, Cuban fishermen seasonally traveled from their homes and set up fishing camps along the Gulf Coast, called ranchos, including on Sanibel Island.
In 1765, the first known appearance of a harbor on Sanibel is shown on a map as Puerto de S. Nibel ; thus, the name may have evolved from "San Nibel". Alternatively, the name may derive, as many believe, from " Ybel", which survives in the old placename "Point Ybel", where the Sanibel Island Light is. How it would have gotten this name, however, is a matter of conjecture. One story says it was named by Juan Ponce de León for Queen Isabella I of Castile or the saint whose name she shares. Another attributes the name to Roderigo Lopez, the first mate of José Gaspar, after his beautiful lover Sanibel whom he had left behind in Spain, but like most of the lore surrounding Gasparilla, this story is apocryphal, as the above references to recognizable variants of the name antedate the buccaneer's supposed reign.
Sanibel is not the only island in the area to figure prominently in the legends of Gaspar; Captiva, Useppa, and Gasparilla are also connected. Sanibel also appears in another tale, involving Gaspar's ally-turned-rival Black Caesar, said to have been a former Haitian slave who escaped during the Haitian Revolution to become a pirate. According to folklore, Black Caesar came to the Gulf of Mexico during the War of 1812 to avoid interference from the British. In the Gulf he befriended Gasparilla, who allowed him to establish himself on Sanibel Island. Eventually the old Spaniard discovered Caesar had been stealing from him and chased him off, but not before his loot had been buried.
In 1832, the Florida Peninsular Land Company established a settlement on Sanibel, but the colony never took off, and was abandoned by 1849. This group initially petitioned for a lighthouse on the island. The island was repopulated after the implementation of the Homestead Act in 1862, and again a lighthouse was petitioned. Construction of the Sanibel Island Lighthouse was completed in 1884, but the community remained small.
In May 1963, a causeway linking Sanibel and Captiva to the mainland opened, resulting in an explosion of growth. The City of Sanibel passed new restrictions on development after it was incorporated; developers challenged them to no avail. The island's only buildings taller than two stories antedate 1974, and no fast-food or chain restaurants are allowed on the island except for two that were there before the laws were enacted. A new causeway was completed in 2007; it replaced the worn-out 1963 spans, which were not designed to carry heavy loads or large numbers of vehicles. The new bridge features a "flyover" span tall enough for sailboats to pass under, replacing the old bridge's bascule drawbridge span. The original bridge was demolished and its remains were sunk into the water to create artificial reefs in the Gulf of Mexico.
Development
The main town is on the island's eastern end. The city was formed in 1974, as a direct result of the main causeway being built in 1963 to replace the ferry, and the rampant construction and development that followed. Developers sued over the new restrictions, but the city and citizens prevailed in their quest to protect the island. The only buildings above two to three stories on the island were built during that period.A short bridge over Blind Pass links Sanibel to Captiva Island. More than half of areas of the two islands are preserved in their natural state as wildlife refuges. Visitors can drive, walk, bike, or kayak through the J. N. "Ding" Darling National Wildlife Refuge The island's most famous landmark, the Sanibel Lighthouse, is at its eastern end, adjacent to the fishing pier. The main thoroughfare, Periwinkle Way, is where most of Sanibel's stores and restaurants are, while the Gulf Drives have most of the accommodations.
The Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, a nonprofit organization, has been a key player in curbing commercial growth and development on the island. Since 1967, it has been dedicated to preserving natural resources on and around Sanibel and Captiva and has led efforts to acquire and preserve environmentally sensitive land on the islands, including critical wildlife habitats, rare and unique subtropical plant communities, tidal wetlands, and freshwater wetlands along the Sanibel River.
The Wall Street Journal selected Sanibel and Captiva Islands as one of the 10 Best Places for Second Homes in 2010.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of, of which are land and are covered by water.Climate
Sanibel Island, in southern Florida, has a tropical climate, with daily high temperatures ranging from in midwinter to around in the summer. The months of January through April have the coolest temperatures, ranging from during the day to a cool at night, and very little rain falls on the island during those months. The island's summer heat and humidity, which have been recorded as high as and 100% RH, are cooled by the sea breezes from the Gulf, and by almost daily afternoon and evening rain showers, which are responsible for much of the island's rainfall. The island gets most of its rain in June. The area is prone to being hit by tropical cyclones and hurricanes; the hurricane season starts in June, but most of the activity occurs in September and October. Local communities have "adapted to cope with these occasional storm threats."Hurricanes
Southwest Florida rarely suffers direct strikes by hurricanes, but every 20 or so years, it takes a significant hit, and about every 40 years a major one. Most of these have affected Sanibel. On August 13, 2004, it was hit hard by Hurricane Charley, a category-four hurricane with winds. It was the strongest to hit Southwest Florida since Hurricane Donna in September 1960. While much of the native vegetation survived, the nonindigenous Australian pines suffered serious damage, blocking nearly every road. Wildlife officials reported that the nests of birds and sea turtles were destroyed. The Sanibel Lighthouse suffered little damage, the Sanibel Causeway suffered relatively minor damage except for a tollbooth being tilted partly over, and a small seawall was eroded. Blind Pass was again cut through, but it refilled less than a month later. Residents who left before the August 13 storm were not allowed back by the city government until August 18, due to hundreds of downed trees and electric power lines, and the lack of potable water and sanitary sewerage. A temporary city hall for Sanibel was set up in a Fort Myers hotel until utilities and transport could be restored to the island.On September 28, 2022, the island suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Ian, which made landfall just to the north of the island as a strong category-four storm. The Sanibel Causeway partially collapsed during the storm, leaving no road access to the island or nearby Captiva.
Demographics
| Race | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White | 6,219 | 6,030 | 96.14% | 94.48% |
| Black or African American | 40 | 27 | 0.62% | 0.42% |
| Native American or Alaska Native | 5 | 8 | 0.08% | 0.13% |
| Asian | 24 | 44 | 0.37% | 0.69% |
| Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian | 1 | 2 | 0.02% | 0.03% |
| Some other race | 7 | 16 | 0.11% | 0.25% |
| Two or more races/multiracial | 22 | 100 | 0.34% | 1.57% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 151 | 155 | 2.33% | 2.43% |
| Total | 6,469 | 6,382 |
As of the 2020 United States census, 6,382 people, 3,919 households, and 2,766 families were residing in the city.
As of the 2010 United States census, 6,469 people, 3,526 households, and 2,322 families were living in the city.
In 2010, the population density was. The 7,821 dwelling units had an average density of. Of the 3,526 households, 8.5% had children under 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 2.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% were not families. About 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.28.
The age distribution in 2010 was 8.5% under 19, 1.1% from 20 to 24, 7.5% from 25 to 44, 32.7% from 45 to 64, and 50.1% were 65 or older. The median age was 65 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 89.5 males 18 and over.
In 2010, the median income for a household in the city was $97,788, and for a family was $138,194. Males had a median income of $80,152 versus $45,458 for females. The per capita income for the city was $79,742. About 3.6% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, with 21.3% of those under 18 and 3.4% of those 65 or over.