Ila language


Ila is a language of Zambia. Maho lists Lundwe and Sala as distinct languages most closely related to Ila. Ila is one of the languages of the Earth included on the Voyager Golden Record.

Orthography

ch in fact varies from "k" to a "weak" version of English "ch", to a "strong" "ch" to "ty".j as the voiced sound corresponding to this therefore varies "g"/English "j"/ "dy" / and "y".v is reportedly a voiced labiodental fricative /v/ as in English, and vh the same labialised and aspirated /vʷʰ/.zh is the voiced post-alveolar fricative /ʒ/; French as in bonjour.ng is the voiced velar nasal followed by a voiced velar plosive, /ŋg/ as in RP English "finger", while ng' is a plain voiced velar nasal /ŋ/ as in "singer" - a similar distinction is observed in Swahili.

Labio-glottal and palato-glottal fricatives

Doke described several unusual doubly articulated consonants in Ila proper, Kafue Twa and Lundwe.
In Ila proper, are "modified glottal fricatives in which the air passes through the throat with considerable friction, and is modified by being thrown against the toothless ridge and inside of the upper lip, causing concomitant frication there.... The tongue is meanwhile kept in velar vowel position as for and these fricatives therefore inherently possess a u-glide, which is noticeable when they are used with any other vowel than u." The 'concomitant lip frication' is evidently something like that of and . Doke transcribed these sounds simply.
Lundwe and Kafwe Twa have a palato-glottal fricative. "This sound is produced with a tongue position similar to Ila but with considerable voiced frication in the throat at the same time."

Tonality and stress

Tone is demonstrated by contrasting aze with high pitch on the first syllable with aze with high pitch on the second syllable.

Some words and phrases

  • Monthly - houseimboni - pupil of the eyeipeezhyo - brush;broomindimi - tongueslemeka - honour bamba - arrangeBamambila - they arrange for meBalanumba - they praise mebobu buzani - this meatBobu mbuzani - this is meatchita - to do, same is used to mean 'I have no idea'chisha - to cause to dokatala - to be tiredkatazhya - to make tiredukatazhya-refuse to be sent;scarcedakuzanda-I love youtwalumba-Thank youimpongo - a goat

Some comparisons

  • Ila: ishizhyi - dimness; Sotho: lefifi - darkness; Xhosa: "ubufifi" - dimness; Nyanja: chimfifi - secret;
Bemba: IMFIFI - darkness; Kisanga: mfinshi - darkness; and Bulu : "dibi" - darkness.

Ideophones or imitation words

Words in English such as "Splash!", "Gurgle", "Ker-putt" express ideas without the use of sentences. Smith and Dale point out that this kind of expression is very common in the Ila language:
You may say Ndamuchina anshi , but it is much easier and more trenchant to say simply Ti!, and it means the same.
Some examples:Muntu wawa - A person fallsWawa mba - falls headlongMba! - He falls headlongMbo! mbo! mbo! mbò! - He falls graduallyMbwa! - flopping down, as in a chairWa! wa! wa! wa!- The rain is patteringPididi! pididi! pididi! - of a tortoise, falling over and over from a great heightNdamuchina anshi - I throw him downTi! - dittoTe! - torn, rippedAmana te! - The matter's finishedTo-o! - So peaceful!Wi! - All is calmNe-e! - All is calmTuh! - a gun going offPi! - Phew, it's hot!Lu! - Yuck, it's bitter!Lu-u! - Erh, it's sour!Lwe! - Yum, sweet!Mbi! - It's darkMbi! mbi! mbi! mbi! - It's utterly darkSekwè sekwè! - the flying of a goosenachisekwe - a goose

Class prefixes

As in many other languages, Ila uses a system of noun classes. Either the system as presented by Smith and Dale is simpler than that for Nyanja, ChiChewa, Tonga, or Bemba, or the authors have skated over the complexities by the use of the category "significant letter":
  • Class 1. singular: prefix: mu-; s/l. u-, w-
  • Class 1. plural. prefix: ba-; s/l. b-
  • Class 2. sing. prefix: mu-; s/l. u-, w-
  • Class 2. pl. prefix: mi-; s/l. i-, y-
  • Class 3. sing. prefix: i-, di-; s/l. l-, d-
  • Class 3. pl. prefix: ma-; s/l. a-
  • Class 4. sing. prefix: bu- abstract nouns; s/l. b-
  • Class 4. pl. prefix: ma-; s/l. a-
  • Class 5. sing. prefix: ku- often nouns of place; s/l. k-
  • Class 5. pl. prefix: ma-; s/l. a-
  • Class 6. sing. prefix: ka- a diminutive sense; s/l. k-
  • Class 6. pl. prefix: tu- diminutive plural; s/l. t-
  • Class 7. sing. prefix: chi- "thing" class; s/l. ch-
  • Class 7. pl. prefix: shi-; s/l. sh-
  • Class 8. sing. prefix: in-; s/l. i-, y-
  • Class 8. pl. prefix: in-; s/l. y-, sh-
  • Class 9. sing. prefix: lu-; s/l. l-
  • Class 9. pl. prefix: in-; s/l. y-, sh-
  • Class 10. sing. prefix: lu-; s/l. l-
  • Class 10. pl. prefix: ma-; s/l. a-
The locatives form a special category:mu- - at rest in, motion into, motion out from;ku- - position at, to, froma- - rest upon, to or from off
Thus:Mung'anda mulashia - The inside of the house is dark.Kung'anda kulashia - Around the house it is dark.Ang'anda alashia - Darkness is upon the house.

The Ila verb system

The root is the part of the verb giving the primary meaning. To this can be added prefixes and suffixes: many elements can be united in this way, sometimes producing long and complex polysyllabic verb words. For example, from the root anga, "to tie",
we can derive such a form as Tamuna kubaangulwila anzhyi? meaning, "Why have you still not untied them?"
Prefixes can show:
  • tense
  • subject
  • object
  • voice
Suffixes can show:
  • voice
  • tense
  • mood
Here are some of the forms of the verb kubona, "to see". simple stem: bona : code - SS
  • modified stem: bwene : code ₴
  • -SS tubona we see
  • -₵ tubwene we have seen
  • -A-SS twabona we saw, see, have seen
  • -A-CHI-SS twachibona we continue seeing
  • -A-YA-BU-SS twayabubona we are engaged in seeing
  • -DI-MU-KU-SS tudmukubona we are seeing
  • -CHI-SS tuchibona we continue to see
  • -LA-SS tulabona we are constantly seeing
  • -LA-YA-BU-SS tulayabubona we are being engaged in seeing
  • -LA-YA-KU-SS tulayakubona we are habitually in the act of seeing
  • -DI-₵ tulibwene we have seen
  • -CHI-₵ tuchibwene we have been seeing
  • -A-KA-SS twakabona we saw
  • -A-KA-CHI-SS twakachibona we continued seeing
  • -A-KA-YA-BU-SS twakayabubona we were engaged in seeing
  • KA-SS katubona we saw
  • KA-₵ katubwene we did see
  • -A-KU-SS twakubona we were seeing
  • -A-KU-CHI-SS twakuchibona we were continuing to see
  • -A-KU-YA-BU-SS twakuyabubona we were engaged in seeing
  • -A-KU-₵ twakubwene we had seen
  • -KA-LA-SS tukalabona we shall soon see
  • -KA-LA-CHI-SS tukalachibona we shall continue seeing
  • -KA-LA-YA-BU-SS tukalayabubona we shall be engaged in seeing
The above English renderings are approximate.
Certain suffixes add new dimensions of meaning to the root. Although these follow some logic, we again have to feel a way towards an adequate translation into English or any other language:
  • simple verb: bona - to see
  • relative or dative form: -ila, -ela, -ina, -ena: bonena - to see to, for somebody, and so on
  • extended relative: ilila, -elela, -inina, enena: bonenena - to see to, for somebody, etc. ililila - to go right away
  • causative: -ya + many sound changes: chisha - to cause to do, from chita - to do
  • capable, "-able": -ika, -eka: chitika - to be do-able
  • passive: -wa: chitwa - to be done
  • middle : -uka: anduka - to be in a split position, from andulwa- to be split by somebody
  • stative; in fixed constructions only: -ama: lulama - to be straight; kotama - to be bowed
  • extensive: -ula: sandula - turn over; andula - split up
  • extensive, with the sense of "keep on doing": -aula: andaula - chop up firewood
  • equivalent of English prefix "re-": -ulula: ululula - to trade something over and over again, from ula - to trade
  • or the equivalent of the English prefix "un-", also: -ulula: ambulula - to unsay, to retract
  • reflexive - a prefix this time - di- : dianga - to tie oneself, from anga - to tie; dipa - to give to each other, from pa - to give
  • reciprocal: -ana: bonana - to see each other
  • intensive: -isha: angisha - to tie tightly
  • reduplicative: ambukambuka - keep on turning aside, from ambuka - to turn aside
These can be used in composites: e.g. langilizhya - to cause to look on behalf of.

Oral literature

In 1920, Edwin W. Smith and Andrew Murray Dale published The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia in two volumes; the second volume features a large number of Ila texts with English translations. The texts come from Ila people living along the Kafue River in what was then Northern Rhodesia. There are 60 folktales, including a long cycle of stories about the trickster hare, along with proverbs, riddles, and dilemma tales.
Here are some of the proverbs:
  • "Kwina mwami owakadizhala." "No chief ever gave birth to a chief."
  • "Chizhilo chibe chishinka museuna." "Any old pole will stop up a hole in the fence."
  • "Mano takala mutwi omwi." "Wisdom does not dwell in one head."
  • "Mukando mushie lubilo, mano tomushii." "You may outrun an old man, but you can't outdo him in wisdom."
  • "Kabwenga moa ng'uongola." "It is the prudent hyena that lives long."
Here are some of the riddles:
  • "Ukwa Lesa ndachileta chitasakululwa. Matwi." "I brought a thing from God that cannot be taken off like clothes. Ears."
  • "Muzovu umina ch'amba mwifu. Ing'anda." "An elephant that swallows something which speaks in its stomach. A house."
  • "Kakalo katazuminini. Ndinango dia umbwa." "A little spring that never dries up. A dog's nose."
  • "Ku kuya ndachiyana, ku kuzhoka shichiyene. Mume." "Going I found it; returning I found it not. The dew."
  • "Ndawala mwitala. Menso." "Something I threw over to the other side of the river. Eyes."
The Ila stories of the trickster hare have many affinities with the Br'er Rabbit stories collected by Joel Chandler Harris from African American storytellers in Georgia in the 19th century. Some of the enslaved people of the southern United States were captured and purchased in this area of Zambia. In addition, African American storytellers, including those consulted by Harris, made use of ideophones in English that resemble the ideophones of African languages such as Ila.