Najashi
The Najashi is an Arabic term, a loanword from the Ge'ez negus, and refers to the ruler of the Kingdom of Aksum who reigned from 614 to 630. It is agreed by Muslim scholars that Najashi gave shelter to early Muslim refugees from Mecca, around 615–616 at Aksum.
Muslim accounts
First Hijra
The Najashi and the early Muslim migration to Abyssinia, also known as the First Hijra, are not explicitly mentioned in the Quran but several passages are traditionally connected to the story through the hadith and sīrah texts. According to the Sirat Rasul Allah by Ibn Ishaq, in, Muhammad told his followers who were facing persecution in Mecca:Ibn Ishaq recounts how Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, a companion and cousin of Muhammad, led a delegation of Muslims including Uthman ibn Affan on a migration to Habesha. A larger group of Muslims moved to the land on a second migration after which, according to Tafsir Ibn Kathir, the followers of Muhammad who lived in what is present-day Ethiopia numbered three times more than those that remained in Mecca. Abd Allah b. Abi Rabi'a b. al-Mughira and Amr bin al-As bin Wa'il, two Qurayshite leaders opposed to the Muslims, bearing gifts for the Najashi and his generals, were sent to Abyssinia to petition the Najashi to expel the Muslims from his land.
Despite the advise by his generals who had received their gifts earlier, the Najashi refused to immediately expel the Muslims and invited the Muslims to his court to respond. According to Ibn Ishaq, the Najashi asked the Muslims about their religion and Ja'far ibn Abi Talib responded by saying that before Islam they "were an uncivilized people, worshipping idols, eating corpses, committing abominations, breaking natural ties, treating guests badly, and our strong devoured our weak." He recited Surat Maryam to the Najashi.
Conversion to Islam and funeral prayer
According to Muslim accounts, the Najashi converted to Islam. When he died in 630, those sources indicate that Muhammad prayed an absentee funeral prayer in al-Baqi Cemetery, Medina which is performed for the departed soul of a Muslim.Identification with historical Axumite king
Not much is known about his personal life and reign of the Najashi other than that during his reign, Muslims migrated to Abyssinia and met its ruler.Arabic sources state the king's name was "Ella-Seham", occasionally written as variant names "Ashama", "Asmaha", "Sahama" and "Asbeha". Ethiopian regnal lists record multiple kings named "Saham" or "Ella Saham", but all of them reigned before Kaleb and are too early in the chronology for any of their reigns to coincide with the migration to Abyssinia. Ethiopian sources instead state that a different king named Adriaz was a contemporary of prophet Muhammad. An unpublished manuscript dates his reign to 603–623 E.C. According to Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam, the Muslim migration took place in 620 E.C. and coincided with the reign of Aderaz.