Saarland
Saarland or The Saarland is a state of Germany in the southwest of the country. With an area of and a population of 990,509 in 2018, it is the smallest German state in area apart from the city-states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg, and the smallest in population apart from Bremen. Saarbrücken is the state capital and largest city; other cities include Neunkirchen and Saarlouis. Saarland is mainly surrounded by the department of Moselle in France to the west and south and the neighboring state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany to the north and east; it also shares a small border, about long, with the canton of Remich in Luxembourg to the northwest.
Having long been a relatively small part of the long-contested territories along the Franco-German linguistic border, Saarland first gained specific economic and strategic importance in the nineteenth century due to the wealth of its coal deposits and the heavy industrialization that grew as a result. Saarland was first established as a distinct political entity in 1920 after World War I as the Saar Basin, which was occupied and governed by France under a League of Nations mandate.
Saarland was returned to Nazi Germany in the 1935 Saar status referendum. Following World War II in Europe, the territory was occupied by France, then became the Saar Protectorate on 17 December 1947. After the 1955 Saar Statute referendum, it joined the Federal Republic of Germany as a state on 1 January 1957. Saarland used its own currency, the Saar franc, and postage stamps issued specially for the territory until 1959.
History
Before World War I
The region of the Saarland was settled by the Celtic tribes of Treveri and Mediomatrici. The most impressive relic of their time is the remains of a fortress of refuge at Otzenhausen in the north of the Saarland. In the 1st century BC, the Roman Empire made the region part of its province of Belgica, and the Celtic population mixed with the Roman conquerors. The region became wealthy, which can still be seen in the remains of Roman villas and villages.Roman rule ended in the 5th century, when the Franks conquered the territory. For the next 1,300 years the region shared the history of the Kingdom of the Franks, the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. The region of the Saarland was divided into several small territories, some of which were ruled by sovereigns of adjoining regions. Most important of the local rulers were the counts of Nassau-Saarbrücken. Within the Holy Roman Empire these territories gained a wide range of independence, threatened, however, by the French kings, who sought from the 17th century onwards to incorporate all the territories on the western side of the river Rhine. They invaded the area in 1635, 1676, 1679, and 1734, extending their realm to the river Saar and establishing the city and stronghold of Saarlouis in 1680.
It was not the king of France but the armies of the French Revolution who terminated the independence of the states in the region of the Saarland. After 1792 they conquered the region and made it part of the French Republic. While a strip in the west belonged to the Moselle department, the centre in 1798 became part of the Sarre department, and the east became part of the Mont-Tonnerre department. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the region was divided again. Most of it became part of the Prussian Rhine Province. Another part in the east, corresponding to the present Saarpfalz district, was allocated to the Kingdom of Bavaria. A small part in the northeast was ruled by the Duke of Oldenburg.
On 31 July 1870, the French Emperor Napoleon III ordered an invasion across the River Saar to seize Saarbrücken. The first shots of the Franco-Prussian War of 187071 were fired on the heights of Spichern during the Battle of Spicheren, south of Saarbrücken. The Saar region became part of the German Empire which came into existence on 18 January 1871, during the course of the war.
Interwar history
In 1921, the Saargebiet was occupied by Britain and France under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. The occupied area included portions of the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Rhenish Palatinate. In practice the region was administered by France. In 1920, this was formalized by a 15-year mandate by the League of Nations.In 1933, a considerable number of communists and other political opponents of Nazism fled to the Saar, as it was the only part of Germany that remained outside national administration following the First World War. As a result, anti-Nazi groups agitated for the Saarland to remain under French administration. However, with most of the population being ethnically German, such views were considered suspect or even treasonous, and therefore found little support.
When the original 15-year term was over, a plebiscite was held in the territory on 13 January 1935 in which 90.8 percent of those voting favoured rejoining Germany.
Nazi period
Following the referendum Josef Bürckel was appointed on 1 March 1935 as the German Reich's commissioner for reintegration. Once the reincorporation was accomplished, on 17 June 1936 his title was changed to Reichskommissar für das Saarland. In September 1939, in response to the German invasion of Poland, French forces invaded the Saarland in a half-hearted offensive, occupying some villages and meeting little resistance, before withdrawing. After 8 April 1940 Bürckel's title was changed again to Reichskommissar für die Saarpfalz ; finally, after 11 March 1941, Bürckel was made Reichsstatthalter in der Gau Westmark. He died on 28 September 1944 and was succeeded by Willi Stöhr, who remained in office until the region fell to advancing American forces in March 1945.History after World War II
After World War II, the Saarland came under French occupation again and became the Saar Protectorate. France did not annex the Saar or expel the local German population, in contrast to the fate of the territories which were merged by Poland and the USSR. In his speech "Restatement of Policy on Germany", made in Stuttgart on 6 September 1946, United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes stated the U.S. position on detaching the Saar from Germany: "The United States does not feel that it can deny to France, which has been invaded three times by Germany in 70 years, its claim to the Saar territory".The Saar and Ruhr areas were historically a central location for coal mining. This attracted the steel industry, which is essential for the production of munitions. The Treaty of Paris (1951) established the European Coal and Steel Community, which led to the termination of the International Authority for the Ruhr. However, the Treaty sidestepped the issue of the Saar protectorate: an attached protocol stated Germany and France agreed the Treaty would have no bearing on their views of the status of the Saar.
In 1948, the French government established Saarland University under the auspices of the University of Nancy. It is the principal university in the state, the other being .
The Saarland was headed by a military governor from 30 August 1945: Gilbert Yves Edmond Grandval, who remained, on 1 January 1948, as High Commissioner, and from January 1952 – June 1955 as the first of two French ambassadors, his successor being Éric de Carbonnel until 1956.
Saarland, however, was allowed a regional administration very early, consecutively headed by:
- a president of the Government:
- * 31 July 1945 – 8 June 1946: Hans Neureuther, non-partisan
- a chairman of the Administration Commission:
- * 8 June 1946 – 20 December 1947: Erwin Müller, non-partisan
- Minister-presidents :
- * 20 December 1947 – 29 October 1955: Johannes Hoffmann, CVP
- * 29 October 1955 – 10 January 1956 Heinrich Welsch, non-partisan
- * 10 January 1956 – 4 June 1957: Hubert Ney, CDU
On 27 October 1956, the Saar Treaty declared that Saarland should be allowed to join West Germany, which it did on 1 January 1957. This was the last significant international border change in Europe until the fall of Communism over 30 years later.
The Saarland's unification with West Germany was sometimes referred to as the Kleine Wiedervereinigung. After unification, the Saar franc remained as the territory's currency until West Germany's Deutsche Mark replaced it on 7 July 1959. The Saar Treaty established that French, not English as in the rest of West Germany, should remain the first foreign language taught in Saarland schools; this provision was still largely followed after it was no longer binding.
Since 1971, Saarland has been a member of SaarLorLux, a euroregion created from Saarland, Lorraine, Luxembourg, Rhineland Palatinate, and Wallonia.
Geography
The state borders France to the south and west, Luxembourg to the west and Rhineland-Palatinate to the north and the east. It is named after the river Saar, a tributary of the Moselle, which runs through the state from the south to the northwest.Saarland is about the same size as neighboring Luxembourg with Luxembourg being 2,586sq km and Saarland at 2,570sq km. Within Germany, it is slightly larger than the combined area of the three city-states but is by far the smallest of the Flächenländer. It is less than one sixth the size of Schleswig-Holstein, the next smallest German state. One third of the land area of the Saarland is covered by forest, one of the highest percentages in Germany. The state is generally hilly; the highest mountain is the Dollberg with a height of.
Most inhabitants live in a city agglomeration on the French border, surrounding the capital of Saarbrücken.
See also List of places in Saarland.
Districts
Saarland is divided into six districts :Demographics
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 SyriaLargest citiesThe following table shows the ten largest cities of Saarland:
ReligionSaarland is the most religious state in Germany. The adherents of the Catholic Church comprise 56.8% of the population, organised in the two dioceses of Trier and Speyer. 17.5% of the Saarlandic population adhere to the Protestant Church in Germany, organised in the two Landeskirchen named Evangelical Church in the Rhineland and Evangelical Church of the Palatinate, both following the same former territorial partition. 25.7% are not affiliated with one of these churches.Saarland has the highest concentration of Roman Catholics of any German state, and is the only state in which Catholics form an absolute majority. PoliticsExcept for the periods between 1985 and 1999, as well as since 2022 – when the centre-left Social Democratic Party of Germany has held a majority of seats in the Landtag – the centre-right Christian Democratic Union has governed the Saarland, either alone or in coalition, since the accession of the state to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957.After the 2022 state elections the previous Grand Coalition between the CDU and SPD, the two largest parties in the Landtag, was replaced by an SPD majority government, the only single-party majority government of any German state, led by minister-president Anke Rehlinger. Current government of the Saarland
EconomyThe gross domestic product of the state was €35.4 billion in 2018, accounting for 1.1% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €32,800 or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 93% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the second lowest of all states in West Germany.Important income sources are the automobile industry, steel industry, ceramic industry and computer science and information systems industry. In the past, coal mining was an important branch of industry. However, the last coal mine in Saarland closed in 2012, ending 250 years of coal mining history in the region. The decision to close the mines was motivated by safety concerns about earthquakes in the region. The unemployment rate stood at 5.8% in October 2018 and was higher than the national average but below the EU28 average.
EducationEducation in Saarland, follows the standard three-tiered structure of the German public system while maintaining strong ties to its cross-border location. After Grundschule, which typically lasts four years, students move into one of three main secondary tracks: Gymnasium, Gemeinschaftsschule, or Berufsschulen. The Gymnasium track prepares students for academic studies and ends with the Abitur ; in Saarland, it generally runs for eight years. The Gemeinschaftsschule is a comprehensive secondary school offering various certificates, often integrating vocational preparation Berufsschulen are vocational schools central to the Dual System of training, where apprentices combine part-time classroom instruction with practical, on-the-job training at a company.Saarland is home to several key institutions that drive regional research and cross-border cooperation, including the administrative headquarters of the Franco-German University in Saarbrücken Saarland University, located primarily in Saarbrücken and Homburg, is particularly noted for its excellence in Computer Science and European Law, benefiting from its unique European location. The University of Applied Sciences focuses on practical engineering, economics, and social sciences, maintaining strong links with the region's industrial base. A unique feature of higher education in the state is the Franco-German component, as Saarland University runs several integrated Franco-German programs and maintains close partnerships with institutions in neighboring France, fostering strong multilingual academic environments. TransportThe region's main airport is Saarbrücken Airport which provides some domestic and European flights, it is located east of Saarbrücken. Generally, residents of state would also use Luxembourg Airport and Frankfurt Airport in which both provides more domestic and international flights.CultureLocal dialectPeople in the Saarland speak Rhine Franconian and Moselle Franconian. Outside of the Saarland, specifically the Rhine-Franconian variant spoken in the state capital Saarbrücken is generally considered to be the Saarland dialect. The two dialect regions are mainly separated by the das / dat isogloss; in the northwestern portion of the state, including cities such as Saarlouis, standard German das is pronounced with a final instead of an.In general, both dialects are an integral part of Saarland identity. Both dialects, particularly in their respective Saarland flavour, share many characteristic features, some of which will be explained below. Women and girls are often referred to using the neuter pronoun es, with the pronunciation being something like Ähs : Ähs hat mir's gesaat. This stems from the word Mädchen being neuter. The subjunctive in Rhine Franconian is normally composed with the words dääd or gänge as auxiliary verbs: Isch dääd saan, dass... instead of the High German Ich würde sagen, dass.... Declension is rather different:
Both the Rhine Franconian and Moselle Franconian dialects have merged the palatal fricative sound as in ich with the post-alveolar fricative as in frisch 'fresh', causing High German minimal pairs such as Kirche 'church' and Kirsche 'cherry' to be pronounced in the same way, that being kersch. French has had a considerable influence on the vocabulary, although the pronunciation of imported French words is usually quite different from their originals. Popular examples include Trottwaa, Fissääl, and the imperative or greeting aalleh!. The English sentence "My house is green" is pronounced almost the same in the Rhine Franconian variant: Mei Haus is grien. The main difference lies in the pronunciation of the sound. Regional beer brewer Karlsberg has taken advantage of the Saarlandish dialect to create clever advertising for its staple product, UrPils. Examples include a trio of men enjoying a beer, flanked by baby carriages, the slogan reading "Mutter schafft" ; another depicts a trio of men at a bar, with one realizing his beer has been drunk by one of the others, the slogan reading "Kenner war's" ; a third shows an empty beer crate in outer space, the text reading "All". FrenchThe French language has a special standing in Saarland due to its geographical proximity to France. Today, a part of the population is able to speak French, and it is compulsory at many schools. Saarbrücken is also home to a bilingual "Deutsch-Französisches Gymnasium . In January 2014 the Saarland state government announced its aim of making the region fully bilingual in German and French by 2043.SportsThe Saar competed in the qualifying section of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, but failed after coming second to West Germany but ahead of Norway. It also competed as Saar in the 1952 Summer Olympics and the field handball world championships in the beginning of the 1950s.Museums
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